Simple Loan Analysis

Database Analysis Secure Online Banking System - 3029 Words

Secure Online Banking System Mukthadir Hussain Choudhury School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe, AZ – 85281 mukthadir.choudhury@asu.edu Abstract This report deals with the development and deployment of a Online Banking System which is highly secure and can be accessed from anywhere by entering the URL https://cse545group4.vlab.asu.edu/SecureOnlineBanking. The banking system consists of a system administrator, regular bank employees, several individual customers and merchants. The application is https secured and cookies are sent only over SSL/TLS. The other security mechanisms implemented are One-Time Password and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) in different functionalities. All the inputs in all the functionalities are validated to prevent XSS attacks, and SQL injection attacks. The details of customers are made not be accessed by bank employees without permission from the user to provide outmost user satisfaction. The application is tested rigorously after addition of each new function for possible failures. The final system is developed as per the functional and non-functional requirements as stated in the requirements doc ument. All the security vulnerabilities and functionality flaws, which were noticed after final deployment by other group members, have been taken care of. Keywords: OTP, system, customers, security, users, vulnerabilities 1. Introduction In today’s world, security is of outmostShow MoreRelatedThe Surveillance Of Cctv Cameras1613 Words   |  7 Pageshighly secure vaults are mainly found in developed countries like the United States of America, Canada, and Germany, among other well-known and developed countries (Tchudi, 1993). As per Laura Woods article, â€Å"How online banking evolved into a mainstream financial tool†, (Woods L, 2014), online banking starts as early as the beginning of the 1900’s. However, it became popular in the late 1980’s though very different in respect to the highly sophisticated, well-organized online banking system todayRead MorePayPal Payment Process976 Words   |  4 Pagessimple but innovative payment process, leading consumers and vendors to a secure, fast and convenient way of online payments. PayPal’s service paved the way for money transfers without exposure of personal financial information although giving its customers the same variety to pay using their bank accounts and credit cards. In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay Inc. – the global online auction site. PayPal’s payment system appealed to both auction sellers and buyers by enabling person-to-personRead MoreQuestions On Information Security Program1951 Words   |  8 Pagespractices are typically updated as needed to address specific changes in policy, technology or banking practices. The Information Security Officer and Chief Information Officer are responsible for coordinating the development and dissemination of information security and technology policies, standards, guidelines and procedures, respectively. 1.2 Scope This Information Security Program establishes the secure operations of the Commercial Bank. The bank’s Information Security Program provides directionRead MoreOnline Banking Project3550 Words   |  15 Pageshave been doing this, and internet banks continue the same function. The only difference is in the way the transactions are made. We all know about internet banking and most of us use it quite often as well, but few of us actually understand about the history of internet banking and how it all came out. Knowing the history of internet banking can be incredibly useful, especially since it will allow us to have more respect for the little things that we take for granted. Computers themselves have reallyRead MoreKey Concepts Of Electronic Banking876 Words   |  4 Pagesand services not only can be displayed and advertised, through online banking, selling and acquiring products has become much less complicated and troublesome. Cyberbanking, or online banking, has rapidly expanded in the past decade and proposed faster and easier ways for businesses to manage theirs banking and financial transactions. II. Key Concepts Electronic banking, also known as cyberbanking, â€Å"involves conducting various banking activities from home, at a place of business, or on the road insteadRead MoreProject Deliverable 1950 Words   |  4 Pageswide focus is into Banking, Finance, FMCG, Insurance, Retail and Manufacturing industries. Role and responsibilities On studying the company’s profile, it seems that company has following resources which form the personnel of its information systems: a. Chief Information Officer - It provides assistance to senior management on IT related tasks. b. Develop and maintain IT infrastructure. c. Develop efficient design to implement operations of the company. d. Information System specialist - It designsRead MoreEssay on Bank of America Case Analysis1705 Words   |  7 PagesBank of America – Case Analysis Prepared By Kesha S Mitchell April 30, 2013 AMBA 650-1134 Marketing Management and Innovation Professor Philemon Oyewole In 2007, Bank of America (BofA) Corporation launched the largest secure mobile banking service in the United States and has over four million mobile banking customers. BofA mobile banking service gives the customers access to their checking accounts for balance, transfers funds and to pay bills through a mobile application (app)Read MoreA Case Of A High Profile Customer1115 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction The report will be based on a case study of a high profile customer, Agatha, whose account was debited with $1,000,000 using an online service at Trustworthy Bank and Trust (TBT). In this case, TBT applies Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) in carrying out transactions. On receiving a message that her account, has been debited with $1,000,000 she contacted the bank manager, Jessica, on the account that the transaction was a forgery. However, the bank manager provided informationRead MoreData Security Public Administration. Nicole Hill. Brandman1427 Words   |  6 Pagesreader will learn different alternatives to how they can ensure the data is secure. What makes this a public/non-profit issue (as opposed to a private issue)? What is the significant/relevant history of the issue/problem? What is/are the potential causes of the issue/problem? Why should we care about this issue/problem (why is this issue/problem significant)? This paper will focus on the first three steps of the analysis process: 1) Defining the Problem, 2) Assembling Evidence, and 3) ConstructingRead MoreBank Management System12681 Words   |  51 PagesPROPOSED SYSTEM 5 1.5.1 Online Banking – How Is It Different 5 1.5.2 Why Use Online Banking 5 1.6 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 6 1.7 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES 7 1.8 SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM 7 CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 DEFINING E-BANKING/ONLINE BANKING 8 2.2 FEATURES OF ONLINE BANKING 8 2.3 E-BANKING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 9 2.4 E-BANKING IN PAKISTAN 10 2.5 E-BANKING IN KENYA 12 2.5.1 Current Structure and Developments in the Kenyan Banking Industry 12 2.5.2 E-Banking Revolution in the Kenyan Banking Industry

Unemployment Rates in the United States Free Essays

Unemployment Rates in the United States According to the most recent report put out by the United States Department of Labor, in the month of February, 49 states saw a decrease in nonfarm employment while Louisiana was the only one where they had seen an increase in nonfarm employment. California had a decrease in jobs since January by 116,000 with Florida in second with 49,500 jobs lost. While Alaska seen the smallest decease in unemployment by just 100. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment Rates in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now And again Louisiana is the only state to see an increase in employment since January by +0. percent. Louisiana seems right now in this economic bad time has no effect on the job level. Since last February, Louisiana has seen an increase in jobs by +0. 3 percent. Louisiana along other states (Wyoming, Alaska, and North Dakota) have seen an increase in jobs with Wyoming leading the way with a +1. 6% increase. Let take a different take on unemployment by breaking it down by regions. Which region would you think would have the biggest lost in jobs? Was it the Northeast, the south, Midwest or the West. Well in fact it was the West (9. 2) and The Midwest (8. 6%). This really don’t surprise me since most of the automobile manufactories are based out in these areas with the trouble they have been having with the ill stated economy we are in right now. While the Northeast seen the lowest unemployment rate at a 7. 7%. While all of the four regions reported a jobless rate increases from February 2008 until February 2009, the largest increase in the unemployment rate was the West at a +3. %. The one state that has suffered the most in the state unemployment stat was again Michigan at an astonishing 12. 0%. While Wyoming had the lowest at 3. 9% unemployment rate, while Louisiana had an unemployment rate of 5. 7%. Louisiana has seen an increase in unemployment since February 2008 until now by 1. 9%. Michigan on the other hand has seen an increase by nearly 5% from one year ago. The unemployment rates in the United States have seen a drastic change since 2008 and so on. Many because of the tough economic times we are in. Most job losses came from the manufacturing area because of great fear of the economy and the cut backs that companies have to make due to the hard times. Although some states haven’t been hit as hard as others, like for example Louisiana, we have actually seen an increase in jobs from January 2009 until now, while others have lost more than 100,000+ jobs like in Michigan. Works Cited How to cite Unemployment Rates in the United States, Papers

Understanding Ageing Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Briefly, outline Erikson's stages of development? 2.At which of Erikson's stages stage was your interviewee? Give reasons why you believe them to be at a particular stage. Similarly, if, in your opinion, they do not fit in with a particular stage explain why not? Answers: 1. Erikson's stages of development. Infancy (0 - 1.5 years): In the first eighteen months of life, the fathers' and mothers' nurturing ability is emphasized. The child will develop trust, security, and optimism if well-handled (Erikson, 1993). Early childhood (1.5 - 3 years): The child has an opportunity to develop self-esteem as he or she acquires news skills and learns to differentiate right from wrong. A well-cared for child builds pride rather than shame in herself or himself (Erikson, 1993). Play age (3-5 years): In this period, the child experiences a desire to copy from adults and initiates play games. Also, the child begins to use the word "WHY" in the quest to explore anything. School age (5-12 years): This is the stage of acquiring, developing and accomplishing various skills and knowledge, thus creating a sense of industry. However, if the child experiences feelings of inferiority and inadequacy, he/she can develop problems in terms of self-esteem and competence (Erikson, 1993). Adolescence (12-18 years): In this stage, development is dependent on what is done by an individual. There's struggle to discover true identity and to "fit in" (Erikson, 1994) Early Adulthood (18-40 years): The young adults tend to seek companionship, love and deep intimacy. People may experience long lasting relationships or social isolation. In this stage, more young people make career commitments (Erikson, 1994). Middle Adulthood (40-65 years): In this stage, people care much about their families, work, and careers, and they also try to come up with ideas to transform the society. Adulthood (65+ years): Regarding older adults, some can look into the past with a strong feeling of integrity that is, fulfillment and contentment. 2.Erikson's stages stage your interviewee The interviewee was in the 6th stage. He was a young man, 28 years of age, working in a city bank as a financial analyst. The young man stated that he enjoyed his career and planned on advancing his studies. He had a good relationship with his family and was lucky to find a charming lover, a 25-year-old teacher. He narrated how both of them enjoyed living together, having an intimate relationship and experiencing mutual satisfaction in their friendship (elik Ergn, 2016). Briefly, outline one theory of retirement. Disengagement theory-This states that older persons voluntarily withdraw from personal/social relationships and the society as they age. The adults withdraw from the society by stopping work or retiring, a decision which is naturally accepted by the society. Because aging may cause a change in ones' ego, for example, deterioration of skill and knowledge, this may contribute to retirement. Various psychological processes affect their involvement with social environment (Silverstein et al., 2016). How might a counselor help a person who is approaching retirement? Advise the person to invest their resources well for future engagements (Lusardi Mitchell, 2011). As people approach retirement, they may realize that they do not have enough resources for future days. The adults should be counseled on how to utilize their leisure time. There's need to learn some new skills to mold an adult well for a different path that will benefit them. For example, training on dairy cow keeping or poultry keeping. A need to have medical insurance because, with age, people become prone to diseases (Milevsky, 2006). Finally, they should be counseled on how to maintain social networks between them and their workmates. References Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity: Youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton Company. Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society. WW Norton Company. Silverstein, M., Bengtson, V. L., Putnam, M., Putney, N. M., Gans, D. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of theories of aging. Springer Publishing Company. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S. (2011). Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States (No. w17108). National Bureau of Economic Research. Milevsky, M. A. (2006). The calculus of retirement income: Financial models for pension annuities and life insurance. Cambridge University Press. elik, B., Ergn, E. (2016). An Integrated Approach of Eriksons Psychosocial Theory and Adlerian Counseling. International Journal of Human and Behavioral Science, 2(1).

Transition from traditional education to online learning

The propagation of the internet has initiated an upward trend in the provision of online courses in the United States. Numerous educational institutions are offering online programs in courses with high demand, notably the Information Systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the various business forces that enhance the transition from traditional education to online learning are their affordability, accessibility, effectiveness, and the interaction they offers to their participants. Essentially, 90% of learning entails information transfer from the instructor to the students. The speed of information transfer at any time and anywhere through the internet makes online learning relatively cheap compared to the traditional education system. Latest reports suggest that since 1998, the costs of traditional education in the United States have been soaring at an alarming rate of 5% per annum. However, online learning is exerting downward pressure on these prices. For instance, one community college in Arizona is offering online courses at an affordable cost of $32/credit hour for in-state populace and $67/credit hour for out of state students. Fast acquisition of educational information by students through the internet reduces the time frame for course completion thereby reducing the cost of learning. For example, Officials at University Online Publishing have revealed that online learning reduces the usual 16-week college course to eight weeks making it affordable (Raymond, 2010). The effectiveness of online learning measured by the satisfaction of the learners has influenced the transition from traditional education system tremendously. In many cases, the traditional classroom environment is depicted as teacher centered rather than student centered. The instructor is portrayed as mind numbing lecturer who drones on while the learners sit nonchalantly trying to grasp adequate information for the examination purposes only (Markel, 2004). On the other hand, online learning is acknowledged to be more students centered, collaborative, and provides a democratic learning setting.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students become self motivated and are able to choose learning activities according to their abilities, interests, and careers. The instructors cease from being lecturers, oracles, and information transmitters to being mentors, facilitators, and guides. Moreover, online learning provides the students with an opportunity to focus extra time and attention on precise content areas thus making it more effective than the traditional system where emphasis on various modules or units of a course are at the instructor’s discretion(Raymond, 2010). In any learning experience, interac tion between the participants is a major component and has become the most persistent construct in distance education. Online learning offers the aspect of interaction that is lacking in the previous system, hence its rapid transition. The interaction through emails, bulletin boards and chat rooms has done away with the place and time barriers between physically distant learners and their tutors (Raymond, 2010). This interaction has helped reestablish the classroom setting and permitted students to learn in their convenient time and place. E-learning is also eliminating isolation, advocating for unanticipated encounters and providing intellectual swap valuable to all (Raymond, 2010). In fact, learners through e-learning are able to obtain individual and instant response from both their peers and instructors. Online learning is evidently more advantageous and is being recognized as a suitable education system. This has lead to an extremely rapid transition from the traditional educat ional system. In fact, recent data indicate that part time learners in higher education supersede the number of full time students (Raymond, 2010). Reference Raymond, K. (2010). Quality and Effectiveness of eLearning: Learning-on-Demand Program  (LoD). New York: McGraw-HillAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Transition from traditional education to online learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Transition from traditional education to online learning was written and submitted by user Libby Blake to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

music of the middle ages essays

music of the middle ages essays Music has been a great influence in the lives of many people for many years and is constantly changing. Music has been divided into six periods: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Twentieth Century. The Medieval period was the longest and most distant period of musical history and consists of almost a millenniums worth of music. To examine the music of this period we must first look at the influences or dominating factors of medieval life. In a political sense, as well as a spiritual sense, the Roman Catholic Church was very much the focal point of a Medieval man's life. Between the collapse of control of the Roman Empire around 500 A.D. and the Renaissance in the middle 1400s, the Church remained the most continuously powerful organization in Europe. The great gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages help demonstrate how religion had become the focus of the times. The thousands and thousands of hours of labour, the tremendous cost involved, the extraordinary and detailed craftsmanship without the use of cranes or power tools must give us an idea of the effects of religion and the power of the Church. To worship God through one's craft was the highest artistic ideal of the times. While some of the great secular classic literature of the past was well known to many, it was considered to be only a teaching tool to assist in the understanding of the Bible. Music has always been an integral part of religious celebrations throughout history, and for the Catholic Church of antiquity, it was a vital element. The music of the Catholic Church absorbed Greek, Jewish, and Syrian influences among others, through the teachings of : Pythagoras 6th 5th BCE, a Greek mathematician and a musical theorist who believed that there were perfect intervals in music and introduced the 8ve, 5th, 4th, whole tone. Pythagoras ideas gave music scientific credibility through numbers and allowed it to be introduced as on...

Family Law Child Welfare Principle Parent Autonomy Essay

Family Law Child Welfare Principle Parent Autonomy - Essay Example UK has centuries’ long history of childcare legislation that began with the series of Poor Laws implemented from 16th to mid-20th century defining the powers and responsibilities of the children regarding childcare. These laws were followed by The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857, Children Act 1948 and The Children and Young Persons Act 19692. The most comprehensive, integrated and far reaching reforms to the child care law were introduced in 1989 as The Children Act 1989. This consensus legislation combines public and private law provisions under one umbrella and the current child protection system is also based upon this law. The Children Act 1989 guides all the court proceedings and decisions regarding the matter of child upbringing or his property administration. The Children Act 1989 has decided the paramount considerations for the welfare of the child by clarifying that the welfare of child is supposed to be the first priority while making an order3. The law asserts that w hile making a decision the court has to consider the wishes and feelings of the child and efforts should be made to preserve the home and family links of the child. The core concept of parental responsibility was also defined under thus law. It has been explains that the parental responsibilities are "the rights, duties, powers and responsibilities which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property† (section 3). Since all the statuary laws have to be interpreted by the courts this legislation also guides the court while deciding different types of cases about child care and custody. This law possesses crucial importance within the England family laws because it determines the boundaries and authorities of the parents while dealing with the matters involving their children. The court is also supposed to use these guidelines and principles while making the decisions of the cases of the child custody and care. These principles also clarified that the w elfare of child automatically prevails over the rights of all other family members including parents4. Though these principles have been regarded as milestone in the legislative history of childcare but it also raises the question about the balance between child welfare and the rights of other family members. It places certain responsibilities and duties upon the parents while the rights of the parents are not explicitly defined and explained. Prior to these laws and principles, the fathers were given the rights to make the decisions for their child rather than court5. The father was deemed as the natural guardian of the child eligible for making the decisions for his legitimate child unless any sign of danger or cruelty is exposed. However, the changes in the family laws and welfare principles changed the earlier approach and concerns towards the childcare. The interest of the child was introduced by Court of Chancery as justification to interfering with the rights of the father.6 After these decisions, a gradual change occurred within the welfare principles and by early 1890s the welfare of child evolved as a dominant matter. The legislations asset that the courts have to give importance to the wishes and feelings of the children as it is the core principle of child welfare. It raises the questi

Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making - Research Paper Example Ron felt the cost of buying that additional equipment is higher. As the machine has been bought a year back inclusion of these items should be of some use. It should not incur an extra cost. The equipments have to be effective in improving the machine's performance. Ron hesitated to accept the deal in the beginning. If the item is bought, there should be some savings in the cost. The cost of the parts was higher. Although the sales person was explaining Ron about its uses, he was not sure of going in for that product. The sales person then explained Ron about its total cost. The cost seemed to be higher but the sales person then said the initial amount is high. But this investment will be of great use. The initial cost is more but the average amount of that equipment will amount to $1 per day. The executive said this cost will be less than the normal money spent for a soda can. Then Ron started thinking about its benefits. As it was impressive he thought investing some more on that machine will definitely help in the future. Hence he decided to buy the additional equipments. Ron's decision will help in the longer run of the machine, which is an advantage to the company. The decision taken by Ron will be beneficial as it ensures some advantages to the machine and the company. Any decision cannot be taken without analyzing its pros and cons. (Lynch 2009).Equipment cannot be bought since it will be of some use which may lead to some problem in the future. The way Ron handled the situation was correct as getting an item without knowing its purpose and use will not be of any help. As a production manager of a company Ron has some responsibilities of selecting and getting goods that should bring profit to the organization. It is difficult to come to a conclusion without thinking how far it will help the existing machine. In the beginning of the meeting Ron listened to the sales executive's ideas and her opinion about the equipment's use. Then he thought about the various criteria like cost and life of the machine. The presentation had the entire details of the item, the advantages and the features of it. It also showed the options and it clearly explained its usage. Then Ron felt the cost of the additional parts is higher than expected. The sales person started explaining that investing in this equipment will help in increasing the production and the average amount will be $1 a day. Ron then gave it a thought whether it will be worth investing a huge amount on a machine that has been bought a year back. Considering all these options, Ron finalized the purchase of that equipment. The major reason for buying this item is that it can increase the production and will help the company in getting more profit. Although Ron was hesitant to purchase the additional item, after listening to the executive's explanation he changed his decision. Decision has to be taken keeping in mind all its consequences and effects. Any decision may have either a good or bad effect. Proper analysis has to be carried out before making a decision. Decision is made depending on the situation and the issue. The decision made cannot be favorable for everyone in all circumstances. It may lead to improvement or adverse effects on the situation. In this scenario, Ron had to consider several aspects as any wrong step will land them in problem. Any decision cannot be taken as per an individual's wish. Especially in companies a decision has to be made only after

The State of Florida should raise the legal drivers age to 18 Essay

The State of Florida should raise the legal drivers age to 18 - Essay Example aged 16 years old at the time of the incidence made a grave mistake in his judgments: overloading the car with eight people, speeding, driving with near bald tires and overtaking another car full of fellow teen-agers (Driscoll 1). Dreadful tragedies involving young drivers have been reported from all the American states. It is quite clear that at ages eighteen and nineteen, there is a greater level of maturity and better judgments than at sixteen. In the year 2009, Justine Winter (while driving at 85mph) crashed a head on leading to a death of a mothers and her 13-year-old only son. On an interview in a TV show, winter says sorry to the family of the victims: 35-year-old, expectant Erin Thompson and Caden, her son (Daily Mail on Teenage Girl). She apologized saying she dint want to put them through any more pain than they had under gone through. Extending her apologies to her own family, she confirmed that her family went through a lot of pain because of the accident. Asked if she would take responsibility for the accident, she said she would although she clearly states that she cannot remember anything about the crash. Winter, who is the youngest inmate at 18, is serving a 15-year sentence at Montana Women’s Prison for the killings. The horrifying crash happened after winter fought with her boyfriend. They had a heated argument via text messages as she was driving. However winter and her lawyers insisted, it was a normal accident and not a suicide attempt. Winter, which was 16-years-older that time, suffered multiple injuries and had to under go several surgeries due to brain damage. Having been found guilty, of double homicide, she was jailed for 15 years. The prosecutor argued winter was carelessly driving, and she was not wearing a seatbelt. Erin Thompson’s family was praised by the judge who said their compassion and courage was remarkable. They only asked for apologies from the 18-year-old. At the moment, car crashes by the teenagers in the United

Physico-chemical Properties of Pectin From Jelly Fig

Physico-chemical Properties of Pectin From Jelly Fig Changes in physico-chemical properties of pectin from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) seeds during extraction and gelling Chii-Ming Jiang, Ying-Jang Lai, Bor-Hon Lee, Wei-Hsien Chang, Ming-Chang Wu, Hung-Min Chang Abstract Degree of esterification of pectin from jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) achene seeds and the pH value decreased rapidly during extraction, while apparent reduction of free calcium content in the pectin extract was observed at the gelling stage. Compared to those of the native pectin, total ester linkages and methyl ester linkages of pectin extract decreased, and the bound calcium content increased during pectin gelling. However, non-methyl ester linkages (the difference between the total ester linkage and the methyl ester linkage) increased by approximately 40% during pectin gelling, revealing esterification reaction between C6carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups in the presence of pectinesterase. Scanning electron microscopy showed that pectin fragments from jelly curds were large with flake-like structure, while those from hot (85 °C) ethanol-treated achenes were small and porous. Keywords Pectin; Jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsangMakino) achenes; Jelly curd; Scanning electron microscope; Ester linkage Abstract Volatile essences of Calimyrna, Kadota, and Black Mission and Adriatic figs were prepared by passing large volumes of headspace gas through porous polymer traps at room temperature. The essences were analysed by gas chromatography, utilising wall-coated open-tubular glass capillary columns; structural elucidations were based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Differences between varieties appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative, and are not noticeably greater than differences between samples of the same variety. Compounds identified included acetaldehyde, dimethyl lacetal, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ethyl propionate, ethyl iso butyrate, propyl acetate, methyl butyrate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl-2-methyl butyrate,2-methyl butyl acetate,2-ethyl-1,2-dihydrothiophene, ethyl vale rate and3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Nutritional Values of 14 Fig Species and Bat Feeding Preferences  in Panama: Figs are a critical resource for many tropical frugivores, yet they often are referred to as low quality fruits. To determine their nutritive value, both as a group and for individual species, we analysed 14 fig species from Barro Colorader Island (BCI), Panama, for fiber, tannins, lipids, protein, carbohydrates, amino acids, and minerals. Seeds and pulp were analyzed separately. Fig fruit pulp consisted of about one-third digestible components, mostly carbohydrates with some lipids and proteins. Tannin, lignin, and water-soluble carbohydrates showed considerable variation among species, as did fruit size. Figs contained high amounts of amino acids, such as, lysine, valine, and arginine, and minerals, such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus. One species, Ficus insipida, contained the highest concentrations of almost all amino acids, many minerals, and protein. Small figs had as much nutritional value per gram as large figs. Free-standing figs had higher percenta ges of protein, complex carbohydrates, and ash than strangler figs, which had higher percentages of water-soluble carbohydrates, tannins, and hemicellulose. The guild of fruit eating bats on BCI included ten common species with diets dominated by figs. Fecal analyses and captures at ripe fig trees showed a consistent pattern of resource partitioning. Small bats preferentially ate small-fruited and strangler figs  while large bats consumed mostly large-fruited and free-standing figs. Small bats most often ate F. bullenei, which has high levels of lipid and carbohydrates, and F. yoponensis, which has high levels of protein. Medium and large bats most often ate F. insipida, a nutritionally superior species; their second most eaten species was F. obtusifolia, in which the large size may make it efficient to eat. Each bat ate a variety of fig species, supporting the idea that although no single species of fig may be sufficient to sustain frugivores, a mix of fig species can provide a c omplete set of nutrients. Natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 in dried figs as an unexpected hazard Fumonisins produced by several Fusarium species especially by Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium proliferatum and natural contaminants of corn and corn products all over the world (Jacksonand Jablonski, 2004; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). Fumonisins have been isolated in 1988 from F. verticilloides (formerly F. moniliforme Sheldon MRC 826) which is isolated from corns consumed in Transkei Region of Southern Africa (Gelderblom et al., 1988). Among the fumonisin derivatives, FB1 is the most common one and constitutes about 70–80% of the total fumonisin content of F.verticilloides cultures and naturally contaminated foods. Fumonisin B2 accounts for 15–25% of the total fumonisin, while fumonisin B3 accounts for 3–8% (Rheeder et al., 2002). However F.verticilloides and Fumonisins are found in all corn   Production areas, Fusarium spp. are more dominantly found in warm and dry regions. In addition to corn and corn products, Fumonisins have also been found in wheat and barley (Castella  et al., 1999), beer (Hlywka and Bullerman, 1999; Torres et al., 2001), rice (SCOOP, 2003), sorghum (Jackson and Jablonski, 2004), asparagus (Logrieco et al., 1998; SCOOP, 2003; Liu et al.,2005), black tea (Martins et al., 2001), medical plants (Omurtag  and YazÄ ±cÄ ±ogËËÅ"lu, 2004) and incaparina (Trucksess et al., 2002). Although its effects on human beings have not been clearly determined, it has been found that there may be a positive correlation between human esophageal cancer rates and occurrence of F. verticilloides and fumonisin in diet in Transkei – Southern Africa and Linksian–China (Castella et al., 1999; EHC,2000; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). It has also been determined that FB1 has nephrotoxic,  hepatotoxic and immunosuppressive effects against various ani mal species (EHC, 2000). It has been detected that fumonisins cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses, Porcine Pulmonary Edema and liver cancer in rats (Nelson et al., 1992; Castella et al., 1999; Scaff and Scussel, 2004). Fumonisins have been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) according to findings obtained from test  animals (IARC, 1993). Furthermore, tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 determined by European Commission- Scientific Committee on Food is 2 lg/kg body weight (SCF, 2003). Dried fig, very nutritional and a healthy food, is one of the most widely produced fruits in the world. Dried figs can be consumed directly, or as fig paste in production of different desserts and candies. Dried figs are the only known fruit that is allowed to fully ripen and semidry on the tree (Desai and Kotecha, 1995; Drusch and Ragab, 2003) Turkey is ranked first in dried fig exporting countries with approximately 52,600 tons of dried figs in 2005, equivalent to 52% of world’s dried fig exports (FAO, 2007). Dried figs are produced mainly in the Aegean Region in the western part of Turkey. Dried figs are a high risk commodity among dried fruits. Occurrence of aflatoxins (Iamanaka et al., 2007) and ochratoxin A (KarbancÄ ±oglu- Guler and Heperkan, 2008) in dried figs have been  previously determined. The temperature in Aegean Region duringthe ripening, harvesting and drying of figs are favourable for mould.

Death penalty Essay -- essays research papers

I believe that capital punishment has its benefits and can prevent murders when used and understood correctly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death penalty given to people judged to have committed extremely heinous crimes such as murder has been a practice since before the beginning of Christianity. Since the 1800s most executions have resulted from convictions for murder. The United States is the only Western industrialized nation that still proceeds in capital punishment. War crimes, spying and murder are the only three offenses that have the possible penalty of the death sentence. In recent years, capital punishment has become a very controversial issue in the United States and other countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opposition to the death penalty says that states that have capital punishment have a very high crime rate. What they do not take into consideration is that all the states are different and have different populations, different numbers of major cities, and different crime rates. There is currently no capital punishment in Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. --Almost all have lower populations and a low crime rate. In otherwords, the states that have capital punishment have it because of the high crime rates, not the other way around.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studies have shown that capital punishment deters murders. In 1985, a study published by economist Stephen K. Layson at the University of North Carolina showed that every execution of a murderer deters, on average, 18 murders. The study also showed that raising the number of death sentences by one percent could prevent 105 murders. It does not seem fair to me that a murderer can live while innocent people are dying, especially when it can be prevented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violent crimes are capable of being deterred by lethal consequences for their actions if only on a sub-conscience level. If the death penalty were just as consistent, lethal, and as unstoppable as the AIDS virus, criminals would have reason to back down. Following on from that, is the fact that abolitionists may claim that most studies show that the death penalty has no effect on the murder rate at all. That is only because those studies have focused on inconsistent executions. Capital punishment like all oth... ...penalty is not cruel or unusual, and is a Constitutionally accepted remedy for a criminal act. In Trop v. Dulles, Chief Justice Eark Warren, no friend of the death penalty said, â€Å"Whatever the arguments may be against capital punishment, both on moral grounds and on grounds and in terms of accomplishing the purpose of punishment†¦ the death penalty has been employed throughout our history, and in a day when it is still widely accepted, it cannot be said to violate the concept of cruelty.† So the constitution does allow capital punishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for the penal system accidentally executing an innocent person, that is a problem with the court system not capital punishment. It is up to the jury and judge in a murder case to decide whether or not a person is guilty or innocent, and if the murderer should be put to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So capital punishment is very capable of deterring murder if we allow it to, but the legal system is so slow and inefficient, criminals are able to stay several steps ahead of us and gain leeway through our lenience. Several reforms must be made in the justice system so the death penalty can cause positive effect.

Leadership Analysis Based on Shackleton

I. Introduction Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, a British explore, was born in Kilkee, County Kildare, Ireland on February 15th, 1874. His family moved to London when he was 10 years old. At the age of 16, he dropped out from school to join the Merchant Marines, the youngest age to join the service at time. In 1898, Shackleton became a qualified master and a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. Yearning for adventure and fame, in 1901 he applied for a position in Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery expedition to the Antarctic.Unfortunately, in 1904, he was sent back home due to his health problem. With the strong desire of adventure and reputation, Shackleton amended his failure by returning to Antarctica as a leader of Nimrod Expedition in 1907. His purposes were to explore the Ross Shelf Ice and the south magnetic pole. The journey was a success with his discovery of Beardmore Glacier on the Antarctic Plateau on January 09, 1909. On his comeback, Shackleton received many hon ors and awards for the successful expedition. Wikipedia) The â€Å"real† journey of Shackleton began on August 1st, 1914 where he went along with his 27 crew members, left London for South Georgia in the purpose to complete the trans-Antarctic expedition – the ship was called â€Å"The Endurance†. On 24th February, 1915, the Endurance got stuck in the ice park, crushed by the ice and was finally sunk under the ice in the same year on 21st November. Regardless to the shortage of foods, supplies, no communication equipments, plus the unbearable cold winter, Shackleton and his crew never gave up hope.On May 19th 1916, Shackleton and his two other crews – Worsley and Crean – crossed South Georgia in search of the whaling stations on the east-coast. They went on foot for 36 hours over the Glacier Mountains and at last arrived at Stromness whaling station. All the 27 men were amazingly able to return in good spirit after almost two years they were strand ed in the Antarctic. (Timeline) After World War I in 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic and led another expedition with John Quiller Rowett to examine Enderby Land. However, Shackleton died from angina pectoris on January 5, 1922.Followed by the request from his wife, Emily Mary Dorman, Shackleton was buried at Grytviken, South Georgia, leaving 3 children at the time of his death. (Encyclopedia) This report shows various concepts related to Ernest Shackleton’s leadership style in the success accomplishment of the expedition including the traits, behaviors, the contingency and what it takes to make Shackleton become such a great leader. II. The Concepts * Chapter 1 – What does it means to be a leader? The concept of being a leader has been carried through times. With a capable leader comes great success.As this is one of many theories studied by numerous aspects, ranging from history, philosophy and the scientific perspective of approach. There are several disti nctive measures that we can use to define the complexity of leadership. Often confusing, people nowadays who are not extensively equipped with the knowledge may misunderstand the differences between being a manager and a leader. In the case of Ernest Shackleton and his ability he demonstrated, we can say that he is a great leader with essential manager’s skill set that had made him who he is known for today.If we are to look at Ernest Shackleton’s journey similarly to an organization, with reaching the North Pole as the company’s main objective, we can judge and evaluate his performance based on how far the goal has been completed. Shackleton was a great leader in such ways that he created a compelling image both for himself and his crews. This comes from main his passion and love for adventure that has thrived his goals all his life. While being such a leader, he is also a capable manager. A vision alone did not help Shackleton in reaching his goal.Through bein g prepared and equipped with great experiences that he devised from his earlier voyage, he was able to realistically planned out steps by steps what he expected to achieve. Of course, these plans would not come together effectively if not for Shackleton’s leadership skills. Back in the days, leadership was defined as heroism, where leaders before being considered as one had to possessed all the knowledge, skill sets and abilities to overcome any obstacles. While being such the case, the way in which Shackleton demonstrated his leadership skill were not entirely true to this theory.While being a very attractive role model, he also possessed numerous traits, even those that are relevant to businesses leaders we can find today. To promptly put it, his successes are all thanks to the following traits that he has reflected: * Out of all the possible traits he exhibited, the most important was inarguably the ability for him to remain optimistic under any circumstances and the self- confidence that he always express. This certainly affected the productivity of his crew and his success. He was open-minded to opportunities and the passion to willingly learn new skills relative to achieving his vision. Being able to draw out the big picture and actually do something about it has helped him reached his desire. * He was highly motivated. This comes from his unmovable passion for adventure that he innately possessed. * He was observant of his crew members. Being able to keep close attention to the needs and wants of the individuals has helped him to identify the strength and weaknesses that he can use to his advantage.From these brief points of views, all these traits are necessary components of making a great leadership, and it has become the keys to many booming leadership stories in the business worlds that exist today. * Chapter 2 – Traits, behavior and relationship As mentioned above in the previous section, Ernest Shackleton had a variety of leadership t raits that define his voyage to the North Pole. He was, many considered self-confidence, motivated, optimistic as well as being a leader with a great drive factor to influence his crews/employees. He was considered a great image, a true hero in his own time.However, like any leaders, he isn’t perfect. His success came with the price of lives from his crew members. Although his vision was accepted by many like him, he had made decisions that lead to the disastrous situation that would had likely otherwise, created another turn of event. But undoubtedly, his leadership had proven its wonder under extreme condition. He was passionate and considerate to his crew, but to certain extend, some might say he was a bit of a dare devil to risk his entire ship to bet against the intense condition that are unlikely to be anticipated.The life and time of Ernest Shackleton is perhaps one of many well known cases and a great example of the autocratic leadership style in conjunction with trai ts that belong to the democratic class. The style that Shackleton adopted was mainly due to several reasons that had proved to be more effective. During the voyage, Shackleton relies upon his personal judgments and close supervision to guide the crew members through the harsh punishment of mother nature.Having closely worked together with the crew mate, in which most of them looked up to Shackleton as a respectful leader with a burning passion that ignited their owns, the crew members were able to develop a sense of trust and heroism in his figure. Since he and the crew members have always been together directly under his influence and command, a sense of synchronization, rather than individualism was needed in order for things to flow fluently throughout his trip. This is especially true during those times where his ship, the Endurance got struck and stranded on ice.It was during this time that his autocratic style really shines. Put under the circumstances of such hardship and cra ziness, one could possibly go insane from fear, hunger, and desperation. It was crucial that each members of the party followed orders and did not revolt against their own will. Shackleton’s leadership style helped the entire crew to stay positive and motivated, and insisted on drawing out the survival factors in each member not to give up their lives so easily. For Ernest Shackleton, there was a time pressure and a needed for regulation within the group.Not only that his sense of responsibility, able to put his people first when he turned back after almost making it to the destination when one of his crew condition became fatal was important, his ability to think straight in these tough times had proved Shackleton to become a great example under the definition of leadership. In relation to the previous point, we can conclude that Shackleton’s leadership style is another representation of the consideration style since he cared about his men’s emotions and safety rather than his own success.According to the voyage, his crew enjoyed three full meals for the celebration of Leap Year Day and he also organized other fun activities for his crew such as dog racing, despite all the ruthless weather that were almost close to killing them everyday. When the Endurance got wrecked into the sea, instead of being all hopeless and upset, Shackleton told his crew that they are going home. This infamous quote marked his true spirit and show that he was one of the greatest leader of all. By reassuring the crew through focusing on the needs and desire that they currently uphold, he lightened up the hopes for his crew that they can o through this tough situation together, in which they did at the end. From business point of view, Shackleton applied an Employee Centered Style throughout the whole expedition. He led his crew (employees) in positive ways and cared about his followers both physically and emotionally. He considered himself as one of the follows, a s a part of the group, not just by calling himself a leader and only know how to announce decision or order others to get the works done. This can be summarize through the definition of â€Å"lead by example† leadership style.When the going got tough, the needs for harmonization and unification of each members’ will is very important for survival. Ernest Shackleton, while trying his best to individualize his leadership according to each subordinate, was more focused on trying to lead everyone towards the same path. Through the application of heroism, Shackleton was able to guide the crew and motivate them by targeting the respect and mutual feeling that the crews already feel toward him. This accentuated the spirits of all the members, unifying all their needs and centralized it as a whole.The turbulence that his group had to go through could had left a devastating effects, instead, they became stronger and stronger as each obstacles were overcome with joy and hope tha t Shackelton, with his leadership style represent. Much had changes since Shackleton became a living legend, but the principal and theory, as well as practical principle still remained the same. The business world that we live in today has much to apply. Leaders today need to adapt to changes, being able to quickly think on their feet and remain charismatic to the subordinates are the key ingredient to creating a great leader.As corporations are adapting more changes and restructure down to a heterachy level, we see a more decentralized structure in which employees are encouraged with power. But the needs for centralized authority remained the same under emergency, and that leads us to the next section of this report. * Chapter 3 – Contingency approaches to leadership One may believe that perhaps Ernest Shackleton and what he had to go through had shaped the way that his business style he adopted. In relation to the Fiedler’s Contingency Model, we start by examining Sh ackleton’s decision in relation to the situation that befell him.This model allows us a mode of evaluation for both the leadership styles and the organization situation, under two criteria, which are task and relationship. Shackleton had demonstrated a flexible style of leadership in numerous cases. He was not afraid to change and adjust his tactics to achieve his goals. This is especially true during the highlight of his voyage sailing on the Endurance. The Antarctica weather was harsh and unforgiving, putting a toll on Ernest to outperform the condition to survive. His goal upon setting sail was to set foot on the icy North Pole, but was later changed to endure the coldness and to get out of here alive.Such a drastic change in the situation asked for great demand in Shackleton to judge the situation as the lives of his crews are placed in his hands. A shift from a task-orientated style to a more relationship-orientated style challenged him mentally. As the result, he was ab le to accomplish his task of getting his crews out alive. Based on the three key elements of the situation, since he was able to develop such mutually agreement among the group and himself. They truly admire and had confidence in their leaders. Thus, this leads to a unification of the group towards achieving the goal.The task structure that Shackleton’s crew had to undergo was of immense difficulties. The unpredictable outcome caused the group to have a low task structure to enhance flexibility. Therefore, the responsibility that Shackleton had to shoulder was huge. This lead to the last element of position power. Since the group was striked with an unexpected turn of event, it was up to Shackleton to steer the crew back to following the objective, which he had done magnificently thorugh motivation and encouragement as a leader. The Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory can also be used to explain the leadership style of Ernest Shackleton.Since Shackleton’s crew were very well equipped mentally due to their leader’s constant motivation and the method that led them, together with the low task structure, Shackleton need to employed the Participating strategy, followed up with the Delegating strategy. At first when the Endurance was out of hope to be recovered, his crews were no doubt feeling desperate about the situation. But with Shackleton’s igh spirit, they were able to pick up from scratch. In other words, they were able but unwilling when faced with such a disastrous situation. They need guidance and irection as the objective of the voyage had completely changed. Shackleton had done so very effectively in inspiring the will to live, through his famous quote â€Å" We’re going home†. As the situation progress, Shackleton was able to slowly earn more trust and confidence in his crew, this slowly move the relationship behavior position down to the lower end, toward the Delegating strategy area. During his se arch out for Elephant Island, he had to make a decision to leave the crew behind as to find a way to contact the mainland and signal for help, he delegated Thomas Crean, his second-in-command crew to take charge after he was gone.This could not be done without a high level of trust and high level of abilities to achieve such task. It was remarkably assuring to the rest of crew that when he announced he would come back for them, which he did. ( Find more information about the other 2 thoeries ) The Path-goal theories also contribute to analyze the leadership style of Shackleton in a very definite way. According to the definition, Path-goal theory full reliable on the leader’s responsibility to lead and motivate in order to achieve organizational goal.The journey that Shackleton had to travel was filled with adversity. At first, he was determined to reach the North Pole as this is the set objective, and he communicated this objective very well to his groups of followers. This i n return affected the kind of motivation that the crews expected from the voyage. During that time, the glory and fame of being the first few men to set foot on the Artic ice was indeed very attractive, especially for the adventurous souls like Shackleton and his crews who were seeking intrinsic rewards as the mean to strive for the objective.Shackleton was a dedicated man, his passion not only reminded himself of the goal every day, but it was also the fuel that ignited the dedication of his crew members. He kept the rewards clear as they moved along, even when the Endurance crashed. Shackleton still managed to quickly adapt to the situation and influence his team through the change of â€Å"reward†, which was now to safely escape his hazard. This theory explained how he was able to keep the motivation of his â€Å"employee† high throughout the voyage even when there was a change of goal, especially when the change was so drastic.Ernest Shackleton’s leadership style is also applicable to the explanation of the Vroom Jago Contingency Model. Similarly to some of the models and theories above, this theory characterize the participative leadership degree and how it correlates with the results and accountability of the decision. At time when Shackleton first commenced the journey, he gathered groups of attuned people based on character as well as competence. He knew very well the danger and how the strength, both physically and mentally of his crews had to face. The selection process picked out crew members with a positive attitude.This helped Shackleton’s leadership style to take effects in the most successful way. He had also develop a strong sense of loyalty and trust towards his crew members. This significantly proved to be the decisive factor as the Endurance got stranded on ice when it really shined. To an extent during the voyage, his participation was at the facilitate degree as he understood the ability of each individuals well enough to let them take charge while presenting ideas and experience on equal terms. When the Endurance sunk, he became more delegating as the group faced extreme adversity, while keeping them motivated.One can interpret and use different model to define Ernest Shackleton’s leadership style. Based on the diagnostic questions, he was actively involved in the preparation process before they set sailed, showing high level of participation and consideration as the expedition was many adventures’ dream at that time. By sharing the vision, he was able to collect the most suitable group of people. Because the importance of commitment was very high, Shackleton would personally interview each member he chose for a mutual agreement on the objective of the journey.Since Shackleton had been on past trips to the North Pole, he used the experience to persuade people and forming a reliable trust conformity. This helped to increase the likelihood of commitment of his followers out of respect for passion and knowledge. Shackleton implied the motivation theories very well as he was able to convince the sailors of the goal that he wanted to achieve, turning it into the goals of the group as a whole. This increase in support for the goal helped them to overcome challenges together later on.Last but not least, his team was not only dedicated but high trained for such an expedition. Shackleton was able to trust them and delegate tasks effectively. Based on the style of leadership that Shackleton represent, we can use the Path Goal Theory to best explain his style, as motivation towards the same goal as a team was the critical factor. His team was put to the test in such a condition that will easily drained the lives out of anyone, but with high motivation and a clear goal that unified them, he successfully pulled through and survive the weather that everbody deemed impossible.Without the corporation of each members, perhaps he could not have made it and that is why t his theory is best imply to explain his leadership style. Chapter 4 – The leaders as an individual Throughout his lives on the expeditions, we have seen how great a leader he was through the team members that he motivated, but how about concerning Ernest Shackleton as a leader in his own definition? Chapter 4: 1. Big five personality that ES had: * Extroversion * Conscientiousness * Emotional stability * Agreeableness 2. I would say ES had an internal Locus of Control.He was self-motivated and was likely to influence others. 3. ES was authoritarian. He relied on position power. 4. Shackleton’s End Values were to lead an adventurous life, explore the trans-Antarctic. His Instrumental Values were being responsible to his crew, being honest, being helpful. 5. I think ES was a Theory Y Leader. He valued his crew and understood what his followers wanted or needed so that they have the strengths to keep struggling throughout the hardship they had. Notes: * When he died, Shac kleton left debts of ? 0,000, over ? 700,000 in today's terms. That money, however, came from people who could afford it. Works Cited â€Å"Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton. † Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia. com. 2 Jun. 2012 . â€Å"Shackleton† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 June 2012. Web. 02 Jun. 2012. ( I don’t think we should use Wikipedia as a reliable source ) â€Å"Nova Online† Shackleton’s Voyage of Endurance.Feb 2002 Web. 02 Jun 2012. http://personnel. ky. gov/nr/rdonlyres/6c98ae12-6df1-4476-acd3-ff1c9b2770f4/0/someshackletonleadershiplessons. pdf http://leadership. wharton. upenn. edu/l_change/Interviews/Shackleton. pdf http://www. nytimes. com/2011/12/25/business/leadership-lessons-from-the-shackleton-expedition. html? pagewanted=all http://artofmanliness. com/2011/08/02/leadership-lessons-from-ernest-shackleton/

White Pollution in China Essays

White Pollution in China Essays White Pollution in China Paper White Pollution in China Paper Essay Topic: Water pollution Have you ever heard of the term white pollution? It is an image title of one of the most serious and common environmental problems in China. The white color is supposed to refer to something pure and clean. In China, however, white pollution, increasing rapidly, stands for some plastic waste due to its major color, caused by single-use plastic tableware and thin plastic bags, which are parts of municipal solid waste. They meet Chinese peoples favor and have become a part of their daily lives. When people ask for take- out food, it normally comes with single-use plastic containers. When people went grocery shopping, they gain a couple of plastic bags other than food. Indeed, plastic disposable products bring us lots of convenience. On the other hand, they also bring serious problems to the environment. Control of white pollution has become a big issue for China. White pollution affects the environment negatively through Visual pollution and potential hazards, resulted from inadequate dealing with plastic garbage (what is white pollution, 2008) Visual pollution means that disposable plastic waste strewed in the natural environment, giving people adverse visual stimulation, effects the overall beauty of the cities. For example, people can see foam tableware littered along the railways or in the rivers and lakes. They also can see the ultra-thin plastic bags fluttering in the wind or hanging up on the trees (what is white pollution, 2008). Potential hazards mean that some problems have been deep-rooted in the environment, but may appear after a long time or without being noticed. According to what is white pollution (2008), there are three main aspects as follow. First, plastic waste which can stay in a vast area for centuries, resulting in soil compaction, prevents growth f crops. In addition, animals might die after eating plastic trash by mistake, which was tossed on the land and in water. Furthermore, landfill is the major treatment of municipal solid waste in China. Plastic waste takes over the ownership of considerable land resources. And its hard to resolve the problem in a very long term. Based on a brief article, harmful chemicals can leach into water from plastic waste (Pollution Engineering, 2009). I think thats the worst hazards. Harmful chemicals may leach into soil, too. The toxic chemicals go back to humans in the end, causing many serious diseases. Since the early sass, Styrofoam, one of the most common foam plastics, came into use in the making of containers for food preservation. Due to its low price and hygienic quality, foam food container enjoyed popularity in China. Then, it was brought into wide use throughout trains and fast-food industry. Nevertheless, production of Styrofoam packaging increased so fast that people couldnt be aware of the eventual environmental problems. Usually, people just discarded the white disposable containers where they wanted, even just threw out obtain windows, causing a huge awful mess wrought China. Ironically, some people said that the enormous white waste looked like the White Great Wall or a white blanket (You, 2006). Finally, peoples environmental awareness woke up. In 1 991, the experts in the packaging industrial field convened and started to talk about how to reduce this hazardous white pollution (You, 2006). Afterward, recycling to manage plastic waste was encouraged by the State Environmental Protection Administration. However, it was hard to gather Styrofoam, which occupied too much space. Thus, green disposable tableware was put in to production. Moreover, the government determined to order a crackdown on Styrofoam. In 1 999, the former State Economic and Trade Commission as the supreme economic power in China announced that it wouldnt be permissible to produce and use single-use Styrofoam tableware any more.

Advertising and promotion in Coca-Cola The WritePass Journal

Advertising and promotion in Coca-Cola Introduction Advertising and promotion in Coca-Cola IntroductionTask 1 Q1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion (P1)Q2. Explain the organization of the advertising and promotions industry in the UK (P2)Q3. Explain what problems advertising companies are facing currently and how they can solve them (M1)Q4. Explain the role of advertising in an integrated promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd (P5).Q5. Explain branding and how it is used to strengthen a company like Coca-Cola (P6).Q6. Demonstrate your creative thinking regarding Coca-Cola branding and its popularity in the UK market (D3).Task 2Q7. Asses how promotion is regulated in the UK (P3)Q8. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion among soft drink advertisers in the UK and explain the impact of ICT on advertising and promotion industries (P4)Q9. Review the creative aspect of Coca-Cola advertisement (P7)Q10. Use critical reflection to evaluate your work, justify your findings and make valid conclusions (D1).Q11. Examine ways of working with advertising agencies (P8)Q12. Communicate with any advertising agencies and present your findings (that you have learnt for Q11) in a suitable format (M3).  Ã‚   Task 3 Q13. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and how they are used in an integrated promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd or any business in the UK (P9).Q14. Select and/or design appropriate methods/techniques for the Coca-Cola Enterprise to boost their sales and meet strategic targets by 2012 (M2).Q15. Evaluate other techniques used in below-the-line promotion for Coca-Cola Enterprise L td or any other business in the UK (P10).Q16. As a senior manager of Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. how would you carry out responsibilities for managing and organizing advertising and promotion activities to meet its strategic target (D2)?Task 4 Q17. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for an integrated promotional strategy (P11).Q18. Carry out the development of a promotional plan for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. or any business in the UK (P12).Q19. Plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. or any business in the UK (P13).Q20. Use appropriate technique for measuring campaign effectiveness (P14).References:Related Introduction Task 1 Q1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion (P1) Advertising and promotion are an integral part of our social and economic systems. In our complex society, advertising has evolved into a vital communications system for both consumers and businesses. The ability of advertising and other promotional programmers are makes the target audience at the marketing level. Its makes the organization feedback to the market situation of goods and products which are newly come to the competitive market Advertising is the structured and composed, nonperson communication of information. It is usually paid for and usually persuasive, about products, services, or ideas. There are four important dimensions of advertising (communication, marketing, economic, and social) creates a clear concept about what advertising is and how it has evolved. The promotion is the process of commodities at newly introduce to the market, it also offer coupons, free samples, contests, or rebates on the purchase price. By offering added value, promotion accelerates sales. So it is a very effective tool for the new product at the market. It is often used in conjunction with advertising- to promote the promotion. The promotional planner should recognize the different effects various types of advertising messages might have on consumers and whether they are appropriate for the product or brand. The message is done by the (print, TV, radio, newspaper, direct marketing) and their cost implications might also occur at this process. Q2. Explain the organization of the advertising and promotions industry in the UK (P2) At the UK which of the organization are responsible for the advertising and promotion activities that’s organizations activities are as follows; EFSP The European Federation of Sales Promotion (EFSP) was founded in 1980. It is a forum for countries across Europe to meet, exchange ideas and work together.   It also enhances the reputation and promotes the highest standards of the Sales Promotion industry in Europe. It maintains two main areas of activity are lobbying and annual awards. EACA The mission of the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA) is to represent full-service advertising and media agencies and agency associations in Europe.   The aim of EACA is to promote honest, effective advertising, high professional standards, and awareness of the contribution of advertising in a free market economy.   It’s also work for encourage close co-operation between agencies, advertisers and media in European advertising bodies. European Federation of Sales Promotion (EFSP) The European Federation of Sales Promotion (EFSP) was founded in 1980, and changed its name to the Promotional Marketing Council of Europe in September 2002 when it became a part of EACA (the European Association of Communication Agencies). This organization deals with the sales Promotion in Europe. Promotional Marketing Council of Europe The PMC is an organization that represents the Sales Promotion industry across Europe including Clients, Agencies and Suppliers. Member countries are France, Spain, Portugal, UK, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Ireland and Austria and the membership of these organizations accounts for an estimated 80 % of the sales promotion business in those countries. Q3. Explain what problems advertising companies are facing currently and how they can solve them (M1) Today’s advertising companies face several problems which are deals with the new business process, adapting to web/interactive marketing, cash flow, the slow economy, shrinking client budgets, finding qualified employees, obtaining larger clients and shrinking profit margins. The main problems are as follows; Complexity for the run new company. Accumulate the budget support for the activities of the company. Complexity for the new promotion and campaign activities. Find the proper employee and to maintain them. Reach to the new clients and accumulate them for the new products. Generate new ideas for the new advertisement of new products. Proper media support for the advertisement and promotion. Q4. Explain the role of advertising in an integrated promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd (P5). Advertising really plays a big role in Coca-Colas success. Its advertising has been rather pervasive, as one of Woodruffs stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. Advertising for Coca-Cola is now almost everywhere, especially in southern areas of North America, such as Atlanta, where Coca-Cola was born. The most popular words in the world in 20th contrary are: God, she and Coca-Cola. After the highest popularization of word â€Å"OK†, the second one is â€Å"Coca-Cola†. 98% of the people know â€Å"Coca-Cola†.   That’s the result of Coca-Cola spending 6 hundred million dollar on promotions. There are five main ways of promoting the brand Coca-Cola. The first one is traditional advertising, like showing advertisements on TV or posters. The second one is the sponsoring of sport events. The third one is online promotion. The fourth one is selling Coca-Cola’s collections. The fifth one is local promotion held by bottlers or retailers. Although the main advertisements in every country still follow this strategy, especially using the local stars to attract young customers, Coca-cola begun to use computer technology to make cartoon images which matches local culture or just funny. Q5. Explain branding and how it is used to strengthen a company like Coca-Cola (P6). Branding is the building of trust with employees, customers and stakeholders.   In marketing terms, the definition of branding is the sum total of a company’s value, including products, services, people, advertising, positioning and culture.   Brands give potential clients a firm idea of what they are buying before they buy it, making the purchasing decision easier.   Customers trust strong brands because they know what to expect. The most important reason is that it can help increase the sales of Coca-Cola. This means that when need to increase prices then the target audience will be accepting of price increase. Branding also encourages confidence and trust in product/service. Brandings introduce new products at the newly face at the market level also its increase the customers attraction for the new products at the market. It should reflect through the use of logo, name stripling brand values. It should clearly communicate with name and/or product or service. The Coca-Cola follows this for its branding such the logo and the color combination of logo. The identity should be applied consistently across all media – for example its color and its positioning on a page or screen should remain familiar across all marketing material. If consider partnering with other companies, ensure that the brand and brand identity reflect theirs and vice versa. Q6. Demonstrate your creative thinking regarding Coca-Cola branding and its popularity in the UK market (D3). Coke’s branding strategies had to go beyond brand positioning and associations. To ensure that customers had formed a harmonious relationship with the brand, the objective of brand resonance had to be achieved. Coca- Cola is a already brand product at the world wide. But for the increase of its popularity at the UK market this company may takes several initiatives for its new advertisement and promotion activities. Coca-Cola needs the new branding approach for the target market, its needs different promotion activities for the all levels of customers. It takes the approach for the all level of market demand for the familiarity of its. For complete this work Coca-Cola needs the price promotion.   Also Coca-Cola needs new steps for the promotion activities at the different level of customers. New campaign programme are set for introduce different flavor of Coca-Col. Task 2 Q7. Asses how promotion is regulated in the UK (P3) The UK marketing industry recognized the need for trust in advertising when it setup the advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising in 1961. Since then, the UK’s system of self-regulation has helped to ensure advertising remains responsible: honest advertising helps to keep customers coming back. The 11th edition of the British Code of Advertising and Sales Promotion came into force on 4 March 2003. The purpose of the Code is to maintain, in the best and most flexible way possible, the integrity of marketing communications in the interests of both the consumer and the trade. Advertising in the UK is controlled through a combination of codes of practice and legislation. There are two advertising codes which are created, monitored and revised by two committees. These are the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP). The CAP Code deals with the non-broadcast advertising, sales promotion and direct marketing. The BCAP deals with the rules for broadcast advertising. These are enforced where necessary by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). Since 28 February 2011, Broadcasting regulations rules have been relaxed to allow product placement ie paying to have a product or service included or referred to in selected types of TV broadcasts. This includes: films series made for TV or other audiovisual media services eg video on demand sports programmes light entertainment shows However, product placement isnt allowed for certain types of goods, and its banned completely in all childrens, news, current affairs, consumer affairs and religious programming. Q8. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion among soft drink advertisers in the UK and explain the impact of ICT on advertising and promotion industries (P4) Soft drink is one of the most important product categories in the delivered wholesale and cash and carry markets. It contributes more than  £1billion of sales per year through independent retail, catering and on-premise outlets. It is a category maintaining momentum through creative marketing and promotions, new product developments and fresh packaging formats. The current trends in advertising and promotion activities which are going at the UK market that’s depends on the following reasons; Encourage excessive consumption of food or drink products. Encourage the purchase of food or soft drinks by inappropriately using licensed characters, celebrities or promotional offers in ads intended for children. Encourage the new generation to the soft drink. Promote consumption of different kinds of soft drinks promotional offer. The advertising of different flavor of soft drink at the different level of customers. The ideas of new advertisement programme which takes by the different advertisement companies. The impact of ICT on advertising and promotion are as follows; Now a day’s advertisement is done by the different ICT programmes such as by the broadcast, by internet. But the misuse of this there is several impacts is going on the product advertisement. There are some impact is create for the change of ICT use at the advertisement. For the revulsion of use ICT at the advertisement and promotion activities are create new dimension at this sector. Q9. Review the creative aspect of Coca-Cola advertisement (P7) Coca-Colas promotion has had a significant impact on American advertising and its overall culture. It is even (erroneously) credited with the invention of the US traditional Santa Clause image. Anyway, Coca Cola advertising history demonstrates how the marketing science has been developing over time. Below there is a visual tour into the company print advertising. 1890 Drink Coca Cola Coca-Cola first print ad was published in 1895 featuring a young Bostonian actress named Hilda Clark who was the company spokesperson. Coca-Cola Revives and Sustains It satisfies the thirsty and helps the weary. Take one glass of Coca Cola when weary with shopping. 1950 Be refreshed! Be refreshed! Pause for Coke! Only Coca-Cola gives you the cheerful lift thats bright and lively the cold crisp taste that deeply satisfies! No wonder Coke refreshes you the best! Spending the day on the water? Youll really welcome the cold crisp taste of Coca-Cola that so deeply satisfies the cheerful lift thats bright and lovely. No wonder Coke is the real refreshment anytime anywhere 1960 Things Go Better with Coke The Things Go Better with Coke campaign was adapted to the youth market by using catchy colors and fashionable concepts. 1970 During the mid-1970s, the political uncertainty in the United States determined Coca-Cola advertising campaign. As the nation questioned its direction, Coca-Cola reminded Americans of their countrys positive values in the Look Up, America campaign. 1976 Coke Adds Life In May 1976, The Coca-Cola Company introduced a new campaign, presenting the brand as the soft drink for all occasions. Aimed at the young and young-at-heart, the new campaign, Coke Adds Life to †¦, was designed to show viewers that Coca-Cola added simple enjoyment to life. 1982 Coke is it! In early 1982, Coca-Cola launched a new ad campaign, Coke Is It! The direct, positive statement was meant to appeal to the forthright mood of Americans in the 1980s. Coke Is It! represented the new taste and concept. The public, however, demanded the return of the traditional drink, so the campaign turned out to be fiasco. 1993 Always Coca Cola In 1993, The Coca-Cola Company made a dramatic shift in its advertising by introducing the memorable Always Coca-Cola campaign, by Creative Artists Agency and later Edge Creative. Animated polar bear became one of the most popular symbols of Coca-Cola. 2002 The Coke Side of Life Q10. Use critical reflection to evaluate your work, justify your findings and make valid conclusions (D1). This work is conduct with the advertisement and promotion of the new products which are introduced at the new business world. At this work mainly reflect with the advertisement and promotion activities of the Coca-Cola Company. The major findings of this work are the process and procedure which are takes for the promotion activities by the Coca-Cola. Also at this work discuss about the regulation for the advertising authorities and how these authority evaluate this. There are discussing about the new techniques for the promotion of the new products at the market. However, with the turn of the millennium, while Coke’s international sales were doing well it was facing some new challenges – especially in its largest market of UK. Q11. Examine ways of working with advertising agencies (P8) Companies work hard to ensure they provide premier goods and services to their markets. Small to mid-sized businesses use advertising agencies to help them relay their messages to the public. Though outsourcing means using the services of a separate entity, it is important to foster good relations with them so the relationship becomes mutually beneficial. Be flexible Know where you want to be, but be flexible in getting there. Remember why you sought the help of an advertising agency in the first place. Don’t assume you have all the answers. It’s technical There is a science behind advertising. How colors collaborate, words work with pictures, etc. contributes to the effectiveness of advertising. Understand you may desire a certain look, but advertising agencies hold the expertise; they know how best to advertise for your company. Have one liaison You may be accustomed to discussing business matters with several people or a board. When it comes to advertising, people host different opinions making it difficult to arrive at a final decision. Advertising agencies recommend appointing one person to work with them directly. This eliminates conflicting views that discourage agencies from working with you further. Know your customers Successful businesses sometimes assume they know their customers because their products/services sell very well. This is a common mistake. Advertising agencies may suggest conducting market research to understand how to reach your customers. This will cost more, but will be advantageous to your advertising campaign as a whole. Q12. Communicate with any advertising agencies and present your findings (that you have learnt for Q11) in a suitable format (M3).  Ã‚   Communicate with advertising agencies at first look after the goods and service of the company also know about the process for the advertisement of the product. For the proper communication know about the technical aspects and the product promotion aspects and details description of the market valuation of the product response is needed. When inform about the choice of the customers then the product advertising is done carefully also select the level of the customer who needs the product. At the time of campaigning of product advertisement then choose the location for proper advertisement also needs the proper process for the campaigning of product with the product value description. Task 3 Q13. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and how they are used in an integrated promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd or any business in the UK (P9). The terms below the line promotion or communications, refers to forms of non-media communication, even non-media advertising. Below the line promotions are becoming increasingly important within the communications mix of many companies, not only those involved in FMCG products, but also for industrial goods. Below the Line uses less conventional methods than the usual specific channels of advertising to promote products, services, etc. than Above the Line strategies. These may include activities such as direct mail, public relations and sales promotions for which a fee is agreed upon and charged up front. Below the line advertising typically focuses on direct means of communication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates. Another interesting and very effective BTL is Ssop Intercept. Trained sales personnel, often young women, are deployed at Retail Stores, near the shelves of targeted products. These young women convince customers visiting these shelves about the better aspects of their brand compared with others. This is ideal for new launches as it generates trials, which if successful result in repeat sales. Coca Cola Great Britain (CCGB) is responsible for marketing Coca Cola products within UK. There are over 100 products within UK. One of their responsibilities is developing new brands and extending existing brands. The sustainable growth of the Coca-Cola system depends on the ability to work effectively together through collaboration, mutual support and shared goals. The system strengths lies in coca cola routes-to-market and our ability to help the customers grow their businesses, continually enhancing the value of brands to both customers and consumers. In order to continually grow business of Coca Cola Company needs to be increasingly efficient in use of resources. Below-the-line promotions are becoming increasingly important within the communications mix of many companies, not only those involved in individual products, but also for industrial goods. Q14. Select and/or design appropriate methods/techniques for the Coca-Cola Enterprise to boost their sales and meet strategic targets by 2012 (M2). The integrated management system of the Coca-Cola business for meet the strategies goal for 2012 is- The Coca-Cola Management System (TCCMS) is the new management system for achieve the target by the company. This system aligns with the internationally recognized requirements for quality, environment, health and safety, and food safety. In 2010, the Coca-Cola system will begin to transition to ISO standards for all Management System requirements previously covered by TCCMS. Quality: Coca-Cola management procedures ensure that we maintain high-quality standards. Ten facilities earned TCCMS certification in North America and all of production facilities in Europe are ISO 9001 certified. Environment: All of European production facilities are ISO 14001 certified, and 17 facilities in North America achieved TCCMS certification in 2008. Health and safety: Currently, 18 of European facilities are ISO 18001 certified and 17 facilities in North America are TCCMS certified. Food safety: Six of European production facilities are ISO 22000 certified and plan to certify six more in 2009 also certify 23 U.S. production facilities in 2009. Q15. Evaluate other techniques used in below-the-line promotion for Coca-Cola Enterprise L td or any other business in the UK (P10). The Coca-Cola company is not a new company to achieve the below-the-line promotion which are target by the company. The Coca-Cola Company’s marketing department is accountable for the brand development, maintenance and positioning of all of the Coca-Cola Company’s brands. They focus on all above-the-line marketing and national promotions for trade and end consumers through the appropriate media channels and brand activation. Coca-Cola Company focuses on understanding the market, and is primarily responsible for brand research, consumer research, and pricing studies. By maximizing the potential of brands, developing innovative new brands and introducing Coca-Cola’s international brands into UK, they ensure that our products are the first choice of consumers. Green contest- Coca Cola has launched a green contest that is aimed at promoting environmental sustainability. Coca Cola Wonder of the World Promotion- Allowed consumers to get the opportunity to win a dream vacation to destinations such as Paris, Hollywood, New York, Singapore and Cairo. The promotion sparked an interest within the public who avidly collected their Coca Cola caps. All the promotional tactics of Coca cola aim to shape the culture of the population to think that drinking Coca Cola is the way of life. Q16. As a senior manager of Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. how would you carry out responsibilities for managing and organizing advertising and promotion activities to meet its strategic target (D2)? Completing the target of market demand at the Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. Takes the following steps for advertising and promotion activities; New campaign activities at the all market level and for all customers. New advertisement takes for the all levels of customers. Takes different types of new variation of product introduce at the market with new advertisement and promotion activities. Regular monitoring the advertisement and promotion activities at the market level. Ensure the customer about the new thematic promotion and products potentialities. Task 4 Q17. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for an integrated promotional strategy (P11). The marketing plan then, is a dynamic document which focuses on bringing marketing strategies to life, serving as a roadmap for carrying out marketing activities and implementing marketing strategies. It is a multi-step process, which considers the following: Formulating a strategy of company or division and making sure that appropriate linkages are made between company strategy and marketing activity planning. Analyzing the environment within which you do business to make sure the marketplace, the industry, competitors, and other influences. Carrying out market profiling, enabling you to identify market segment, target customer types, and overall demand. Additionally, analysis of the industry and competitors, coupled with analysis of customer types, enables the creation of demand possibilities and the resulting forecasts. The marketing mix, which considers a combination of activities which come together harmoniously, in bringing the product to market and sustaining it while in the market. Budgeting of marketing programs so that the appropriate sales goals and corporate strategies can be attained. Q18. Carry out the development of a promotional plan for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. or any business in the UK (P12). Sampling-if objective is to trial the product then sampling is an effective sales promotion method. Usually sampling is involved with low value products and products having highly visible features of benefits. Couponing-it is one of the oldest sales promotion strategies and sometimes couponing makes the product problematic by cheapening your brand name. Coupon is mainly used for attracting new customers as well as to increase instant sales with price reduction of a product. Loyalty schemes- It is basically a point based system, where each customer gets some points on each purchase and later he can use these points on buying the same products or other products at a reduced price. To many marketers, loyalty schemes are also known as-frequent purchasing scheme. Packaging- many marketers does no pay much attention to the quality of packaging, because they simply do not understand the psychological and brand image aspects of packaging. An attractive and innovative packaging can work like a salient sales man-packaging does the hooking function to buyers. A well-packaged product carries not only the brand values but also create an emotional link to your prospects. Not that it is only important for packaging to be eye-catching, aesthetic, but it needs to protect the product inside with proper manner. Q19. Plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for Coca-Cola Enterprise Ltd. or any business in the UK (P13). A typical sales promotion budget covers almost 70% of the total consumer sales promotional budget. It is also considered as a brand differentiator by many big players like Coca-Cola. For Coca-cola business experts and academics, sales promotion is regarded as typical marketing techniques that add value to a product in order to achieve specific marketing goals. The primary purpose of promotion strategy is to induce the consumers to make a quick buying-decision in order to create increases sales. Integration of promotion is to offer customers to take chance of winning a prize or offering some extra products with the same price. Sales promotion and marketing are inter-related but not have the similar purpose. The Coca-Cola company takes different promotions activities such as at the world cup football occurring time also at the summer season the takes different promotions activities for achieve the new customers and evaluate their products computations. It is advertising which makes a platform for sales promotion where customers can see the direct added value of buying your product. On the other hand, advertising is an intangible promotion of products to send the marketing message to the customer-base. Q20. Use appropriate technique for measuring campaign effectiveness (P14). It is essential to pretest advertisements to see how effective they actually are in influencing consumers.   An ad may have to be redesigned if it is found not be to be as effective as targeted. Developing an advertising program entails several steps: Identifying the target audience- Market reports can be bought that investigate the media habits of consumers of different products and/or the segments that the firm has chosen to target. Determining appropriate advertising objectives- the objectives might include awareness, trial, repurchase, inducing consumers to switch from another brand, or developing a preference for the brand. Settling on an advertising budget. Designing the advertisements- Numerous media are available for the advertiser to choose from. References: Business Knowledge Center. The Marketing Concept. www.netmba.comAccessed September 2004. Chang, T.L. (1995), â€Å"Formulating adaptation marketing strategies in a global industry†, International Marketing Review International Olympic Committee Organization Facts and Figures. Retrieved on January 13, 2007 Lynch, R (1997), corporate strategy, Pitman Publishing, Great Britain. Ruth, J.A. Simonin, B.L. 2003. Brought to you by brand A and brand B. Journal of Advertising www.coke.com.au/about_advert.asp

Colonial Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Colonial Latin America - Essay Example As a function of analyzing the level of superstition that existed within the Spanish Empire of Latin America, it is necessary to realize that three distinct groups comprise the majority of cultural exchange that took place within Latin America between 1518 50. As such, these three groups are as follows: the ethnic Iberian Spanish that originally moved from the old world to the New World, the African slaves that came along with the Spanish as a means of providing the labor for the plantations and natural resource extraction in the New World, and the natives that originally occupied the New World territories Firstly, as a means of understanding the coalescence of different cultures within Latin America, it is necessary to focus on this issue from three unique standpoints. The first approach that can and should be engaged is with regards to seeking to understand superstition from standpoint of the Roman Catholic tradition; the one that was most commonly exhibited with respect to the whi te Spanish colonists of the particular regions in question. The Roman Catholic tradition necessarily engaged in understanding that a differentiation between good versus evil helps to define the world they were in. Moreover, the Spanish Inquisition, having only concluded within Spain several hundred years before colonization of the New World began, had ingrained a solid understanding within the minds of the colonists that the battle between God and the devil was very much alive and was exhibited through even minute differentiations with regards to doctrines and beliefs. A further reality with regards to the overall level of superstition that existed within the early Spanish colonials was with regards to the fact that the individuals who were first responsible for settling and colonizing this New World were in fact seaman. As such, these seafaring wanderers were perhaps the most superstitious of all individuals within the Spanish Empire; as they saw each and every occurrence as some t ype of omen or superstitious sign concerning life, death, fortune, or wealth. As such, a guiding compass of the way in which this particular group integrated with an understanding of superstition was predicated upon a very narrow view of religion and the fact that evil, Satan, or the devil could exist in any number of forms with regards to the world they interacted. As such, even though many scholars and led to believe that the Spanish stakeholders within the New World were the ones who are the least superstitious, seeking to categorize Spanish in such a way is disingenuous and ineffective as will be seen with regards to the level of superstition that pervaded the remaining two groups that are under discussion and analysis within this brief essay. Due to the fact that the individuals who initially settled these New World were perhaps the most superstitious of any socio-economic strata of the Spanish culture, it comes as no surprise that they readily adapted to the superstitions of t hose that they came in contact with. Naturally, the second group of stakeholders is referenced with respect to the many Native American populations that existed within the New World long before the Spanish ever began to colonize it. By very nature of the way in whi