Hispanic American Diversity Essay

In identifying the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions and statuses of Hispanic groups living in the United States (US); the following remain as the center of attention: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Columbians. While there is distinctiveness in each groups’ culture, their language categorizes them in one of two large groups known as Latino or Hispanic Americans. The Spanish language is communal between these groups, though all have exclusive dialects that set them apart. The commonalities and differences are not limited to just language, but span across every aspect of Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban and Columbian way of life. Today in the US millions of people classify themselves as Mexican Americans (2005). The intricate and affluent Mexican American multicultural heritage is a direct reflection of influences from such places as Spain and Mexico (2005). The unique language of Mexican Americans is no exception to influences as it is derived from a combination of Mexico’s national language, Spanish, and the national language of the US, English. Although sometimes described as an under-represented group in US politics, Mexican Americans were very active in the Mexican American Civil Rights movement. This movement included a wide-rang of issues, from rights for farm workers to the right to vote (2000). As with their political status, socially Mexican Americans continually battle to fit in. Their want of having the American dream burns bright within the hearts and minds of all Mexican Americans and makes their social battle seem that much more important. Throughout the immigration history of Mexican Americans, little advancement has been made for progress from immigrant standing to mainstream social status. This is largely due to the lack of education provided and the vast amount of discrimination they received (2006). In education, another battle for Mexican Americans arises. Richard Alba (2006) stated, â€Å"Huntington presents data that appear to show very low levels of Mexican-American educational advancement beyond high school, regardless of generation. † A full comparison of high school education completion broken down by Hispanic origin. Note. From Bernstein, R. & Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/Press-Release/www/2003/cb03-100. html Similar to the struggle noted with education, economically, Mexican Americans struggle for fair pay. During the Mexican American Civil Rights movement Mexican American economics came from the shadows to become one of the many issues faced. Today this harsh reality still burdens most all Mexican Americans. The one bright light may be their religious beliefs. Although, not always true, most churches today deliver separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners. Religion remains a very strong factor in Mexican American family and culture. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Mexican Americans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Mexico as well. This bond is so deep that some families continue to send money to their loved one’s in Mexico. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans speak a derivative of Spanish as their main language. Politically, Puerto Ricans like Mexican Americans are under-represented in US politics. In fact their start in politics held them back from individualizing themselves. The progression of politics into Puerto Rican life in the US has gone from focusing on social and cultural issues in the 1950’s to electoral participation and lobbying becoming the mainstay of their political ground (2003, p. 6). With all the strides Puerto Ricans have made politically, socially they have grown as well. They have integrated themselves into society, by fighting the same battles all Latinos fought: racism and discrimination. Although, they have a higher percentage of people graduating high school than Mexican Americans, they still maintain less than three quarters of Hispanic origin people. As with education and politics struggles with economics also faced most Puerto Ricans. They struggled for fair wages and equal opportunities just as all Latinos did. Today that struggle has become less but still lingers in areas where there is still racism and discrimination. Very similar to Mexican Americans, religion remains a very strong factor in the family and culture of Puerto Ricans. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Puerto Ricans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Puerto Ricans. They have strong ties to not only immediate family in the US but family living in Puerto Rico as well. The fact that all Puerto Ricans are US citizens makes family all that more important. As with Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans main language is Spanish. Similar to Mexican Americans politically Cubans are under-represented in US politics. Most are just so happy to get out of the Dictatorship they lived in Cuba they would rather not get caught up in politics at all. The strides they have made politically have helped to advance them socially, economically and in their education. Out of the Hispanic origins Cubans are the second highest only being beat by other Hispanics for High school completion. According to Jason Cato (2003), â€Å"In rising to dominate the centers of power in Miami, Cuban-Americans have reversed the traditional cycles of assimilation and acculturation. † Seeking freedom from the oppression of Cuba has not removed the strong ties they have to their homeland. These ties have caused Cuban Americans to adapt parts of the US culture to their own. Striving for conventional culture is not a focus. Religiously, Cuban Americans like both Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans are devout to their religion as it is a very strong factor in their family and culture. Again most churches conduct separate mass for Spanish speaking parishioners, making it easier for Cubans to practice their faith. As with their religion, family remains quite strong in the lives of Cubans. Family is their way of holding on to cultures and traditions from Cuba. As with Mexican American, Puerto Rican and Cuban, Columbians also speak Spanish as their principal language. Columbian Americans are a very poor. Most migrated to the US to flee war and poverty seen within Columbia. They are often looking for work so that they can send money to their family still living in Columbia. Columbians rarely get involved in politics as they are very focused on family and making money. Work related interaction is the limit, except for other Columbians, of their social standing in the US. As with politics Columbians have very little interest in US culture. Most are here to work to send money home. With work being their main objective while in the US, they do not have time for anything else. They live on very little money and scrape to send as much over to Columbia as possible. Their wages are very low and they work long and mostly very hard hours just to get by. Similar to Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans, Columbians are very strong in their religion. They have an opportunity to go to mass that is conducted in Spanish as well as practice their religion on their own. Family is so very important in a Columbian Americans life. Everything they do is to better their family’s life. They have deep ties to family not only in the US but in Columbia as well. This helps them to keep their culture and heritage as strong today as it was yesterday. Everything in their culture revolves around their religion and family. When comparing different Hispanic groups, the commonalities out way the differences in almost every scenario. The Similarities range from language, religion, and family to the reasons they came to the US. They also all care deeply and have very strong ties to their homeland and continue to focus on that rich heritage. The differences are few but stem more from social status and the want to be part of the mainstream. Politics, economic and social standings all differ for each group. This is largely due to assimilation and the different level of strides that have been made over time. The groups that have had more success politically have had the opportunity to advance socially and economically. These three combined in any order lead to an opportunity of the other. The strides and struggles that these four Hispanic groups have made has cleared a path for other Hispanic origin groups to make the same journey. References Alba, R. (2006). Mexican Americans and the American Dream. Political Science & Politics. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. apsanet. org/imgtest/PerspectivesJun06Alba. pdf Bernstein, R. & Bergman, M. (2005). Young, diverse, urban. United States Department of Commerce News. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://www. census. gov/PressRelease/www/2003/cb03-100. html Cruz, J. (2003). Puerto Rican politics in the United States. Centro Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from http://redalyc. uaemex. mx/redalyc/pdf/377/37715101. pdf. Cato, J. (2004). Becoming American in Miami: reconsidering immigration, race and ethnic relations. Center for Latin American Studies. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from socrates. berkeley. edu:7001/Events/fall2003/11-20-03-stepick/index. html Mendoza, V. , Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. (2000). , The Journal for Multimedia History. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from www. albany. edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano. html.

Polvoron

I. Executive Summary The researchers Nikki Y Pulumbarit and Jessa P Alberto are both graduates with degrees in Hospitality Management at Mariano Quinto Alarilla Polytechnic College. The business plan entitled MILKYRON it is a variety of polvoron that has the mixture of fish and powdered milk. The product offer a healthful benefit to its clients through promoting consumption of fish specially fot the children who are not fond of eating fish. MILKYRON is very nutritious compared to the other polvoron offered int the market because it contain fish which is a good source of protein and also the milk which is rich in calcium.MILKYRON is very unique because of its flavor and its affordable price. The owners Nikki Y Pulumbarit and Jessa P Alberto are both financially capable on handling a business and the starting capital will be P 100, 000. 00. The mission of the business is to provide unique and healthful variety of polvoron and to consider foremost the satisfaction of the customer. The g oals and objectives of MILKYRON is to start the business on April 25, 2013 and by gaining good customer feedback, to encourage other teenager to build their own business too even they are young. Also to expand our knowledge and capability on handling the business.MILKYRON will be beneficial to its customer because it has the mixture of fish which is good source of protein and milk which is a good source of calcium it is nutritious yet affordable. The future product will be Fishy Yummy Yema also it has the mixture of fish. The business is registered at Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under Sole- Proprietorship. Sole Proprietorship is a type of business enetity that is owned and run by a single person. MILKYRON is manage by Nikki Y Pulumbarit as the general manager and Jessa P Alberto as the Assistant Manager.Product manager will be Nikki Y Pulumbarit responsible for over-all running of the business and responsible for securing contracts, financial/ accounting and marketing p urposes. Product Assistant Manager will be Jessa P Alberto responsible for securing employees compensation and responsible for customer service. The product MILKYRON will be marketable based on the data collected through survey answered by the respondents. According to the Age between 12-20 years old want to buy our product. In terms of Gender women are more likely interested on our product, the question â€Å"will you buy MILKYRON? most of the respondents answered that they will buy our product while the other are undecided. The survey also ask them that â€Å"what will be the best drink that will complement on our product? † most of them answered that water is the best complementary drink in MILKYRON. The business will located at Mc Arthur Highway Meycauayan Bulacan because most of the respondents answered that the perfect spot is on Commercial Area. MILKYRON has many competitors these are some, Goldilocks Polvoron, Sasmuan Polvoron who offered a natural kind of polvoron. This proves that our product is very unique because of the fish flavor itself.The price is very affordable it costs only P 5. 00 per piece. MILKYRON will be advertised through fliers, leaflets, tarpaulins and most of the time on social media sites like facebook and twitter. Organization / Person| Description| Purpose| JV Tarpaulin printing| Printing Services| Advertising| Globe Telecom| Mobile Phone Services| Customer Service and Advertising| Savemore Supermarket| Supply Shop| Ingredient Supplier| Engr. Benjamin Moronia Jr. | Financial Advisor| Financial Inquiries andProduct Consultant| K. Dot Computer Services| Computer Service Provider| Computer services|

Comparison of Three Books about Vietnam War Essay

Comparison of Three Books about Vietnam War - Essay Example While different authors appreciate the occurrences during the war, they portray the war and the US interference in different ways. This paper will examine three such books, comparing the description of the Vietnam War in all the books. The Vietnam War was a memorable event in the history of the US. A People's History of the United States In the book, A People’s History of the United States, Zinn presents the history of the Vietnam War in a simplistic manner that common people can appreciate. Zinn provides this history through the eyes of the common folk instead of the economic and political elite. For instance, he focuses on the US citizens’ resistance to the Vietnam War, as well as the people of North Vietnam who though deemed insignificant, were able to defeat the US-backed South. Zinn terms the US involvement in the Vietnam War as a mission in futility. He exemplifies that regardless of its military and technology superiority, the US was unable to defeat Northern Vie tnamese whose main weapon was human strength and tactical thinking capacity. According to Zinn, US victory in Vietnam was impossible because North Vietnamese dejected colonial imperialism after Japan’s failed attempt to capture Indochina. He argues that the US was fighting a war it could not win. This is because the people of Vietnam favored the government led by Ho Chi Minh and were against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime. This allowed the people of Vietnam to maintain high morale throughout the war. On the other hand, morale among US military fighters in Vietnam was quite low because most of the American soldiers revolted against the atrocities they inflicted, like the My Lai massacre. Zinn describes the Vietnam War as a war between â€Å"the wealthiest and most powerful nation in global history† and â€Å"a nationalist, revolutionary movement in a peasant nation†. This description paints the picture of a fight akin to a cat and mouse fight where the insignifica nt revolutionary people fought against a mighty nation such as the US. Normally, one would expect that the stronger party in the fight wins, but in the Vietnam War, Zinn asserts that it is the small, insignificant humans who won against the technology of the US. In addition, Zinn speaks of the impact the US citizens had on the culmination of the Vietnam War. Zinn talks of the impact of the US movement against the Vietnam War as having, â€Å"played a critical part in bringing the war to an end†. Nonetheless, Zinn attempts to dispel the common belief that US opposition to the Vietnam War was amongst college students and intellectuals from the middle class. He uses statistics from the war period to show evidence that considerable opposition also came from the US working class. For instance, poet Robert Lowell refused to attend a luncheon at the White House, while singer Eartha Kitt spoke out against the war in the presence of the first lady. Zinn maintains the stance that it is the common people that brought change in Vietnam. The assertion â€Å"the revolutionists fought against the Japanese† and defeated the superior nation speaks of the impact of Vietnamese on the going on within their country. Zinn’s description of the war also holds that the troops also opposed the war, citing refusals and desertions to progress to war, as well as movements like Vietnam Veterans Against the War, which subsequently covered US invasions

The Gulf Cooperation Council Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Gulf Cooperation Council - Assignment Example However, other studies have found a stronger relationship between oil prices and stock market performance in GCC. Therefore, evidence shows a strong long-run relationship in Bahrain between oil price fluctuation and stock market performance that took the cue from oil prices. Other evidence also justifies that shocks attributable to volatility attract many concerns in GCC than shocks attached to oil price returns. In the subsequent discussion of this article, I, therefore, expand on the short and long-term relationship between stock market performance and oil price movement in the GCC countries. Â  The analysis of the relationships between stock market performance and oil price fluctuations is executed both at country and industry levels. The evidence shows that at the country level, with the exception of Kuwait, stock markets have great positive exposures to oil prices shocks. However, at the industry level, the reactions of industry-specific returns to oil price movements are greatly positive for 12 of the 20 countries studied. Therefore, oil price alterations indicate the asymmetric impact on stock market returns in the country alongside the industry level. Â  

Small business management (find attachment) Assignment

Small business management (find attachment) - Assignment Example For reason that it needs to monitor the customers’ marketing response to prove that indeed Mobile Plus Group Ltd., is a viable business endeavor. This feedback on how the market responds shall be used to evaluate the efficacy of the marketing effort and business structure that will cater to customer needs. Through feedback control, it will be able to identify which part of the business went according to plan or fell short of expectation and be able to apply remedial measures when required. II. Relevance of Selected Method of Control. Employing an effective control mechanism in Mobile Plus Group Ltd. will assure us that the performance of the business will go as planned. Through it, we will be able to measure actual performance and will also be able to apply corrective measures to ensure that the â€Å"business’s objectives and plans are being carried out† (Dixon, 2003). In determining the method of control to be employed, it is important to determine the objectiv e of a business at a given time. And to elect appropriate modality of control given the circumstances which in this case is the Feedback Control as the business is still in its introductory phase that needs to urgently capture enough market share to prove itself as a viable business entity. A. ... This will be aided by an effective Management Information System that will provide us with concrete data to analyze. Control will also be performed by soliciting written feedback from the customers through feedback form available in our outlet. C. How Control will be Effective The efficacy of monitoring actual sales versus target sales will give us an indication of the efficacy of our marketing drive and to validate our hypothesis about the market. If market performance fell short of expectation, we will be able to apply remedial measure to steer actual performance in the direction of planned performance. By soliciting the feedback of our customers, we will be able to determine which part of the business is doing well or fell short of expectation. As it is the vision of the company to leverage itself from the competition through customer service that is second to none, we will be able to determine if indeed our frontliner’s performance is in line with this vision and make nece ssary correction or retraining if actual performance fell short when compared to expectation. III. Risk Involved While there is a huge potential for our celphones having an 80 % market for them, we are not however without competition. This competition poses a risk to the business as customers have other alternatives to purchase their need for a handheld mobile device. There is also a direct competition with our products, meaning there are also other businesses selling the same product such as ours and priced competitively and could even be lower. Also, there is also a risk that the market may not respond to our marketing drive of providing them a celphone with two working SIM cards with a TV and game functionality. While this added functionality may provide them with convenience and

Movie review of The Battle of Algiers Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Of The Battle of Algiers - Movie Review Example he newer version of the subtitled and translated 35-millimeter print at Film Forum is apparently the description that was confidentially displayed for military workforce by the Pentagon, considering it as a ground guide to fight against terrorism. The movie is an inspiration for armed force, considering the movie to be a motivation for military personnel and it will play an imperative role in motivating and inculcating zeal and spirit in soldiers to fight against all odds, the Former national-security adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski promoted through the description: â€Å"If you want to understand what’s happening right now in Iraq, I recommend The Battle of Algiers.† However, the movie is an ideal one to seed the zeal and enthusiasm for the nation and this is the reason that Pontecorvo’s blockbuster was also utilized by the Black Panthers as a preparation film? As the movie described the Algerian struggle for independence, which is the incidence of late nineteen fifties, it has set the platform of inspiration for all the forthcoming happenings may it be the situation of Iraq or Libya. Fight for rights, fight for betterment has always been the desire of human race, history reveals that whenever such desires are not fulfilled, human race stood to fight against all odds. Although the movie The Battle of Algiers dramatized Algerian struggle but it is considered as the struggle of the entire human race. It is a depiction of brutality and viciousness a mankind can show on other beings of similar species. Although now, the movie The Battle of Algiers, is five decades old but the anatomy of horror and shock is still enough to evoke the sensation and shudder woefully. Movies The Battle of Algiers remained matchless in evoking this feeling and still remained ever fresh. Pontecorvo’s direction is brilliant to create this masterpiece movie in the sense that made people cry after seeing such horrifying acts of cruelty mankind can display. Nevertheless, the original U.S.

Mortgage Market in the United States Case Study

Mortgage Market in the United States - Case Study Example However, the low interest rates offered by mortgage lenders as well as the requirement to service the mortgage debts of the home owners in relation to their higher take home pay will not bring back the sad economic scenario in the 1990s era. Also the high value attached to the homes has triggered the money lenders to enter into the home mortgage and the chattel mortgage economic market. Currently, the fixed costs that goes with maintaining a home is no longer as expensive as the mortgage homes of the early part of the 1990s(2003;p.5). Despite the unfortunate beginnings in the latter part of 2002 and until 2003, many people contributed to the economy by continuing their spending spree at moderate speed. This was one of the major factors that prevented the increase in severity of the economic downturn. Thus, government monetary policy theory states that the state must intervene in order to create a competitive economic environment (Roberts,2000;pp 77). In addition, Marshall theorized that people have the normal attitude of preferring to spend instead of saving their money in His Principles of Economics book as " Everyone is aware that the accumulation of wealth is held in check, and the rate of interest so far sustained, by the preference which the great mass of humanity have for the present over deferred gratifications, or, in other words, by their unwillingness to 'wait'"(Keynes, 1936; pp.242) The supply and demand theory states that as the mortgage interest increases, the number of borrower demands will decrease. And, the supply theory states that as the mortgage interest rate increases, the number of mortgage lenders will increase(Graziano, 1987;p129-145). Both theories state meet when the mortgage lenders lower their interest rates in order to attract more borrowers. For, the best mortgage interest rate that will make both the mortgagor borrower and the mortgagee lender happily meet in the middle is the equilibrium rate. In terms of mortgagor purchasing power, the timely increases in the take home pay off household owners as well as the gains in disposable personal income starting June of 2003 countered the ill effects of the consumer's spending spree. As proof, the share of personal consumption on Gross Domestic Products had reached a whopping seventy percent in the year 2004. For clarity, consumer spending is arrived at taking into consideration the increase in real permanent income, fluctuations in market prices and demographic factors(Su, 2005;p10). MORTGAGE RATE GRAPH Under the theory known as Markowitz economic model, the investors, including the mortgage lender, want to maximize expected return from their investments and minimize variances. For variance is synonymous with risk(Culp, 2001;pp.48-113). Thus, the lenders charge higher interest rates for more risky mortgage borrowers. The above graph shows that there are fluctuations in the mortgage interest rates from the period Aug 2, 2007 to Sept 27 2007. The graph shows that the Thirty -year mortgage rates had declined starting in the middle of July. Then decline trendily continued to decline until

Formosa Plastic Cops. USA Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formosa Plastic Cops. USA - Term Paper Example ed nearly the whole of the reactor facility and the adjacent warehouse igniting Vinyl chloride resins stored in a warehouse with smoke drifting over the local community who were then evacuated and the facility remains shut down. The initial fire was caused and fuelled by Vinyl chloride monomer, raw material for Vinyl chloride manufacture, which is highly flammable and a known carcinogen. The explosion occurred when the bottom valve of an operating reactor was opened spilling its highly flammable contents. The next section discusses the specific sections of 29 CFR 1910.146 that Formosa Plastics Corporation neglected. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Formosa Plastics Corporation did not comply with the Permit Required Confined Spaces 29CFR 1910.146. The sections of Permit Required Confined Spaces that were neglected are Training and Rescue and Emergency operations. Under the section of Training, Permit Required Confined Spaces requires that an employer provides training for the employees to understand, and acquire knowledge and skills vital for the safe performance and execution of duties within the confined space. It also requires training to be provided to the employee before being assigned duties, when duties are changed, when permit space operations are changed that are hazardous for which the employee has not been trained on, and if the employee feels that the permit space entry procedures have been deviated from or the employee has little knowledge of the procedures. The training is designed to establish employee proficiency in execution of the duties and new or revised procedures. After all the training has been done, certification should be made available with the name of the employee, trainers signature and the respective training dates. Formosa Plastics Corporation also neglected the Rescue and Emergency services regulations for confined space. The rescue and emergency operations require that the employer provides and trains

Sociology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Sociology - Assignment Example Danish society has basically laid down the right foundation in caring for the elderly by imposing that the spouse is most responsible for the care of the aging partner. This is even supported by legislation and decreed that only the elder child within the household can assist the aging parent. By doing so, society is transformed in its view of the family – that is a permanent institution and members are obliged to fulfill such roles. Young people wanting to get married would think if they can really perform the roles their spouse need from them until old age. As for the Danish home care policy, it is a good working model of a society that has planned for its elderly citizens. In comparison with the United States, it cannot conceive and implement such policies since the healthcare system alone is in a mess. The Danish policy has long been planned and executed by the government which is a reflection of their priorities – healthcare. Since America is extremely preoccupied with external issues , it cannot sort out its own affairs and render good service to its citizens. The chapter about Muslim Iranians is also an interesting read since it presents how a minor culture ( Iranian )tries to assimilate to a more dominant one ( American). Growing old in another country like the case of Iranian seniors in California is quite stressful since psychological adjustment has to be made in order to fit in the host society. As mentioned in the text, â€Å"depression, loneliness, loss of sense of community â€Å"(p.304) affect the elderly. It is for this reason then that while still young, people begin to build their social networks. Nevertheless, the case of Babi is quite different as she had successfully assimilated in the American culture and had even found a new love. It is not luck that made her enjoy her golden years but her attitude to overcome the transcending scripts of culture that women should be just at home. However, it cannot be denied that

International Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Entrepreneurship - Essay Example On the other hand, the government cannot implement certain regulations without involving the trade or professional association since the association affected will exert pressure on the government for omitting it from the formulation and implementation process. The formulation of the rule and policies by these two parties, the government and the trade/ professional associations, is influenced by international forces. This is because no single economy can operate in separation from other economies and fully sustain its citizens. The economy needs other economies to provide market for its surplus and provision of resources or inputs that are not found in it. No single economy has all the prerequisite resource for steady economic growth and development; thus the need for globalization. This globalization trend has forced changes in the existing institutions in order to continue utilizing the accompanying opportunities. Those institutions resistant to change or those that make inappropriate changes fail to adapt the posed challenges and thus endangered for collapse. This leaves the burden for the government to protect her economy industries. Because of numerous responsibilities facing the government, the professional and trade associations become handy. They mostly comprise of experienced and professional people who aid in thorough research, to provide the information required to formulate appropriate policies for the benefit of the country and industries therein. They propose the appropriate technology to be employed, the new markets to venture into and favorable trade agreements to be signed. The associations unite several organizations and entrepreneurs of the developing economy. They identify their needs and formulate strategies such as training and educational programs, which aid in the attainment of member goals and need satisfaction. They work together with the government in provision and improvement of the necessary infrastructure

Geometry and Measurement Essay Example for Free

Geometry and Measurement Essay Measurement refers to the estimation of the magnitude of some attribute of an object, such as its length or weight, relative to a unit of measurement (Measurement, 2008). It usually involves using a measuring instrument, such as a ruler or scale, which is calibrated to compare the object to some standard, such as a meter or a kilogram. In science, where accurate measurement is crucial, a measurement is understood to have three parts: first, the measurement itself, second, the margin of error, and third, the confidence level that is, the probability that the actual property of the physical object is within the margin of error. Learn more:Â  studymoose.com/friendship-speech-essay Example, we might measure the length of an object as 2. 34 meters plus or minus 0. 01 meter, with a 95% level of confidence. When one is tasked to measure a specific unit, one is expected to acquire the most accurate data possible. Be it length, area, weight, volume or time, there are different modes of measuring processes designed for each classification of measurement so that all data acquired would be correct and appicable to all. Whatever kind of measurement you are trying to get, there should be a universal standard that should be used so that it can be used and applied by everyone. This helps in the consistency of measurement and the validity of the data. The van Hiele levels of geometric reasoning is a measuring stick to determine how advanced a persons thinking is in terms of geometric figures and objects. By using these levels, one can evaluate the progress of any person in learning about geometry and the concepts behind it. In the first level, known as visualization, students can name and recognize shapes by their appearance, but cannot specifically identify properties of shapes. Although they may be able to recognize characteristics, they do not use them for recognition and sorting. The second level, called analysis, students begin to identify properties of shapes and learn to use appropriate vocabulary related to properties, but do not make connections between different shapes and their properties. Irrelevant features, such as size or orientation, become less important, as students are able to focus on all shapes within a class. And in the third level, known as informal deduction, students are now able to recognize relationships between and among properties of shapes or classes of shapes and are able to follow logical arguments using such properties (Van de Walle). When one is faced with having to deal with fellow students who have differing geometric levels, one has to understand a couple of things. First, one cannot expect other people to be at the same level as you. We all have different levels of intelligence, or perhaps have a different pace in terms of learning new concepts or ideas. When someone is less advanced than everyone else, this does not automatically mean that he is less intelligent than the others. Several factors could have played a role, such as the unfamiliarity of the person towards geometric concepts. Those who are at a lower level could easily move on to the next, provided they are guided appropriately by those who are knowledgeable of the subject. Likewise, those who are more advanced than others need not feel that they more superior than their peers. They could simply have just been more familiar with geometric figures, perhaps having encountered them already in previous occasions. In the end, it is still the progress of everyone that should be the main concern, rather than focusing on individual achievements. References Measurement (2008). Annenberg Media. Retrieved 2 June 2008 from http://www. learner. org/channel/courses/learningmath/measurement/session1/ part_d/index. html Van de Walle, John A. (2001). Geometric Thinking and Geometric Concepts. In Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally, 4th ed. (pp. 342-349). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay

Study Effectiveness Of Nebulization Improving Childrens Respiratory Status Nursing Essay Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data and testing of research hypothesis using those data. Interpretation is the process of making sense of the result and examining their implication (Polit, 2004). Analysis is the method of rendering qualitative data meaningful and providing intelligible information, so that the research problem can be studied and tested, including the relationship between the variables. The study was conducted among children with wheezing to compare the effectiveness of nebulization with oxygen and without oxygen in improving their respiratory status. The data was collected, assembled, analyzed and tested and the findings based on the analysis are presented in this chapter. 4.1 Demographic Variables of Children with Wheezing: The age of the children with wheezing ranged between one month to five years. Out of this, 8 (16%) children were between the age group of one month to one year, 17 (34%) were between 1-3 years and 25 (50%) were between the age group of 3-5 years. Majority of the children were males (62%) and female children were 38%. 34 (68%) children belonged to nuclear family whereas 16 (32%) children belonged to joint family. LPG was used as the cooking fuel in all (100%) the houses (Table 4.1). 4.2 Family History of Smoking Habits: In nebulization with oxygen group, 5(20%) children had the family history of smoking habit. For majority (4) of children, grandfather was the person who smokes and for one child father was the smoking person. In nebulization without oxygen group, fathers of 3(12%) children smoke in the family (Table 4.2). 4.3 Family History of Respiratory Diseases: 5 (20%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group had a family history of asthma, out of which one person is on regular treatment. In nebulization without oxygen group, 5(20%) children had a family history of asthma and 3(12%) had a family history of COPD, out of which one person is on regular treatment (Table4.3). 4.4 History of Respiratory Diseases in Children: With regard to previous history of respiratory diseases, majority (64%) of children had wheeze associated lower respiratory infection (WALRI) in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 15 (60%) children had WALRI, .6 (24%) children had hyper reactive airway disease (HRAD) and 3 (12%) children had asthma in nebulization with oxygen group , whereas in nebulization without oxygen group,7 (28%) children had asthma and 3 (12%) had HRAD (Table.4.4). About the onset of respiratory diseases, 14 (56%) children developed respiratory diseases before 1year of age and 5 (20%) children developed between the age group of 1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 10 (40%) children developed before 1year of age and 7 (28%) children developed between 1-2 years of age (Table.4.4). Regarding the duration of the disease, 14 (56%) children had the duration of disease less than a year and 6 (24%) had the duration between1-2 years in nebulization with oxygen group whereas in nebulization without oxygen group, 11 (44%) children had duration of less than 1 year and 8 (32%) had the duration between 1-2 years (Table.4.4). With regard to the regularity of the treatment, 3(12%) children in the nebulization with oxygen group and 6 (24%) children in the nebulization without oxygen group were on regular treatment. All these children were using inhalers. Majority of the children (66.66%) were using a combination of salbutamol -fluticosone inhaler in both groups and the rest (33.33%) were using asthalin alone (Table.4.4). 4.5 Immunization History: All the children (100%) in both groups were completely immunized. 4.6 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: The initial assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group showed that 6 (24%) children were in mild distress, 6 (24%) children were in moderate distress and 13 (52%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 20 (80%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 5 (20%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).In the initial assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration.The assessment of retraction showed that 16 (64%) children were normal, 8(32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions..In the initial dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.7 Pre assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: The initial respiratory rate assessment of children in nebulization without oxygen group showed that 10 (40%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 7 (28%) children were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 22 (88%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the initial assessment of wheezing, 17 (68%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Initial retraction assessment showed that 18 (72%) children had intercostal retractions and 7 (28%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. In the assessment of dyspnoea, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.8 Implementation of Therapies among Children with Wheezing: 4.8.1 Administration of nebulization with oxygen: Nebulization with oxygen was provided to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed for Combimist nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided by the staff nurse for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.8.2 Administration of nebulization without oxygen: Nebulization without oxygen was provided by the staff nurse to 25 children with wheezing who were prescribed with Combimist (Salbutamol+ Ipravent) nebulization in the OPD. Nebulization was provided for a period of 15-20 minutes. Children who were on treatment prior to the nebulization were not included in the study. Assessment was done before and after nebulization with oxygen. 4.9: Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: 4.9.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: In the post 5 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children in nebulization with oxygen group,1 (4%) child reached normal ,7 (28%) children were in mild distress,5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 12 (48%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 4 (16%) children reached normal saturation, 17 (68%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 4 (16%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment showed that 1 (4%) child became normal, 13 (52%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 16 (64%) children were normal, 8 (32%) children had intercostal retractions and 1 (4%) child had intercostal and substernal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.5). 4.9.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: In the post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate of children,1 (4%) child reached normal ,8 (32%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 9 (36%) were in severe distress. Assessment of oxygen saturation revealed that 13 (52%) children were having normal saturation, 11 (44%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 10 (40%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. Assessment of retractions showed that 21 (84%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children had intercostal retractions.In the dyspnoea assessment, 22 (88%) children were having no dyspnoea and 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: Post 15 minutes assessment of respiratory rate showed that 5 (20%) child reached normal ,5 (20%) children were in mild distress,9 (36%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 17 (68%) children reached normal saturation, 8 (32%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 12 (48%) children were relieved from wheezing, 12 (48%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 1(4%) child was having wheezing on entire expiration. The assessment of retractions revealed that 23 (92%) children became normal, 2 (8%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that 23 (92%) children became normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.9.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post 30 assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) child reached normal, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, and 4 (16%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 19 (76%) children reached normal saturation, 5 (20%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 1 (4%) child had moderate desaturation. In the assessment of wheezing, 14 (56%) children were relieved from wheezing, 11 (44%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. The assessment of retractions showed that 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that 23 (92%) children reached normal and 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea (Table 4.5). 4.10 Post assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.10.1 Post Assessment at 5 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 11 (44%) children were in mild distress, 8 (32%) children were in moderate distress and 6 (24%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 1 (4%) child reached normal, 21 (84%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air).Assessment of wheezing showed that 2 (8%) children became normal, 15 (60%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 8 (32%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 19 (76%) children had intercostal retractions and 6 (24%) children had intercostal and substernal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment showed that 5 (20%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 20 (80%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.2 Post Assessment at 10 Minutes: Post 10 minutes assessment of respiratory rate revealed that 4 (16%) children reached normal rate, 10 (40%) children were in mild distress,7 (28%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 7 (28%) children reached normal, 15 (60%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 3 (12%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Assessment of wheezing showed that 16 (64%) children became normal, 4 (16%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration and 5 (20%) children were having wheezing on entire expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 22 (88%) children became normal and 3 (12%) children had intercostal retractions. Dyspnoea assessment revealed that, 3 (12%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 22 (88%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.3 Post Assessment at 15 Minutes: In the post assessment of respiratory rate,9 (36%) children reached to normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 5 (20%) children were in moderate distress and 4 (16%) were in severe distress. The post assessment of oxygen saturation showed that 10 (40%) children reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). Wheeze assessment at 15 minutes showed that 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. In the assessment of retraction, 24 (96%) children became normal, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions. Evaluation of dyspnoea revealed that 2 (8%) children were having mild dyspnoea and 23 (92%) children were normal (Table 4.6). 4.10.4 Post Assessment at 30 Minutes: Post assessment of respiratory rate showed that 13 (52%) children reached normal rate, 7 (28%) children were in mild distress, 2 (8%) children were in moderate distress and 3 (12%) were in severe distress. In the assessment of oxygen saturation, 10 (40%) child reached normal, 13 (52%) children had mild desaturation (95-97% in room air) and 2 (8%) children had moderate desaturation (90-94%in room air). In the assessment of wheezing, 19 (76%) children became normal, 6 (24%) children were having wheezing on terminal expiration. Assessment of retraction revealed that 24 (96%) children had no retractions, 1 (4%) children had intercostal retractions.Dyspnoea assessment showed that1 (4%) child was having mild dyspnoea and 24 (96%) children became normal (Table 4.6). 4.11 Comparison of Mean Difference of Pre and Post Assessment of Respiratory Parameters in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: 4.11.1 Mean Difference of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean values of respiratory rate was 41.68 and post mean value at 5 minutes was 40.4.Post mean values at 10 minutes was 37.76, at 15 minutes was 35.6 and at 30 minutes was 32.8. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 8.88. This shows a significant reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of respiratory rate in nebulization without oxygen group was 36.64 .The post mean value of respiratory rate at 5 minute was 36, at 10 minutes was 34.32, at 15 minutes was 32.48 and at 30 minutes was 30.96. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 5.68. This shows a reduction in respiratory rate after nebulization without oxygen. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in reducing tachypnea among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.2 Mean Difference of Oxygen Saturation in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Oxygen saturation above 98% in room air is considered as the normal saturation level. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization with oxygen group was 95.24. The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 96, at 10 minutes was 97.24, at 15 minutes was 98.08 and at 30 minutes was 98.32. The mean difference between pre and post oxygen saturation at 30 minutes was 3.08. This shows an improvement in oxygen saturation after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of oxygen saturation in nebulization without oxygen group was 95.72 .The post mean value of oxygen saturation at 5 minute was 95.88, at 10 minutes was 96.68 at, 15 minutes was 97.36 and at 30 minutes was 97.08. The mean difference between pre and post respiratory rate at 30 minutes was 1.36. Therefore, it can be inferred that the mean difference was high in nebulization with oxygen group comparing to nebulization without oxygen group. This showed that nebulization with oxygen is effective in improving the oxygen saturation among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.3 Mean Difference of Wheeze Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Auscultation of normal vesicular breath sounds is considered as normal. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group was 1.52. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.4, at 10 minutes was 0.72, at 15 minutes was 0.56 and at 30 minutes was 0.44. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was1.08. This showed an improvement in wheeze score after nebulization with oxygen. The pre mean value of wheeze score in nebulization without oxygen group was 1.32. The post mean value of wheeze score at 5 minute was 1.12, at 10 minutes was 0.56, at 15 minutes was 0.24 and at 30 minutes was 0.24. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 1.08. This showed that there was no mean difference in wheeze score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing wheeze score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.4 Mean Difference of Retraction Score in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Observation of normal chest movements is considered as normal. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of retraction score was 0.4. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute were 0.4, at 10 minutes was 0.16, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post wheeze score at 30 minutes was 0.36. This showed an improvement retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of retraction score in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.28. The post mean value of retraction score at 5 minute was 024, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.04 and at 30 minutes was 0.04. The mean difference between pre and post retraction score at 30 minutes was 0.24. This showed that there was no mean difference in retraction score in nebulization with oxygen group and nebulization without oxygen group. Hence, nebulization with oxygen and nebulization without oxygen has similar effect in reducing retraction score among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.11.5 Mean Difference of Dyspnoea Grade in Nebulization with Oxygen Group and Nebulization without Oxygen Group: Grade 0 is regarded as absence of dyspnoea. In nebulization with oxygen group, the pre mean value of dyspnoea grade was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute were 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12, at 15 minutes was 0.08 and at 30 minutes was 0.08. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.12. This showed an improvement in dyspnoea grade in nebulization with oxygen group. The pre mean value of dyspnoea grade in nebulization without oxygen group was 0.2. The post mean values of dyspnoea grade at 5 minute was 0.2, at 10 minutes was 0.12 ,at 15 minutes was 0..08 and at 30 minutes was 0..04. The mean difference between pre and post dyspnoea grade at 30 minutes was 0.16. Hence the result highlighted that the mean difference was slightly higher in nebulization without oxygen comparing to nebulization with oxygen. This showed that nebulization with oxygen had similar effect in reducing dyspnoea grade among children with wheezing (Table 4.7). 4.12. Effectiveness of Nebulization with Oxygen in Improving the Respiratory Parameters among Children with Wheezing through Pairedt test Analysis: Paired t test was used to assess the differences in pre and post assessments of respiratory parameters among nebulization with oxygen group. (Table 4.8). 4.12.1 Comparison of Pre and Post 5 Minutes, 10 Minutes, 15 Minutes and 30 Minutes Assessment of Respiratory Rate in Nebulization with Oxygen Group: Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference in pre and post assessment of respiratory rate in nebulization with oxygen group. t = t5min = =2.67 t10min = =5 t15min = =7.89 t30min= =12.94 The calculated values of t at 5,10,15 and 30 minutes are 2.67, 5, 7.89 and 12.94 respectively which are greater than the tabulated value at p

Skinhead Subculture History

Skinhead Subculture History Here is a definition of what is a skinhead: It is a young man of a subculture characterized by close-cropped hair and heavy boots, often perceived as aggressive, violent, and racist. Skinheads are not the evil fascist (Nazis) (as youve probably heard of many times on the news and so on). Indeed, one has to mention that theyre not all white or they dont even all have their heads shaved, although the majority do. Initially, the skinhead style emerged in 1966 from different elements which eventually gave one definite style by 1967. This continued, developed and matured until 1972, and then the real origins and reasons for the emergence of the cult get lost in outrage, acts of violence (and so far) to become for most people who grew up before the sixties and still nowadays, another unpleasant aspect of modern youth. This presentation is intended to try to understand the several issues in this subject, how the movement came about, how we could describe the archetypal skinhead of 1967-1972 period, how this subculture seemed to represent the multiculturalism and also to show the drifts towards extremism, focusing on the fact that it was only mainly excesses. The Skinheads, during this period, show such a pride and passion for their style that it seems as well very meaningful to tie this subculture to the notion Britishness. To what extent the skinhead subculture is linked to British values and traditions? ORIGINS To better apprehend where does it all comes from, it is impossible not to evoke the Mods movement. In Britain, in the late 1960s there existed a youth sub-culture known as Mods (cf. Swinging London). Mod (from modernist) is a subculture as well that originated in London, England in the 1950s and was at its height in the early-to-mid 1960s. The significant elements frequently associated to the subculture are fashion for example, music and motor scooters (Vespa). Youve probably all already seen their well-known symbol, which was originally The Royal Air Force roundel (cf. picture). After 1964, mods split up. (a lot of) hard mods or tough Mods (those who enjoyed most the fighting with Rockers in Brighton or Eastbourne) began to cut their hair close to the scalp (cuir chevelu), first as a fashion statement. But it was also due to the fact that it kept their hair out of their faces and on the other hand, made it impossible to grab during a fight. Moreover it was a way to be distinct from their enemies, the Rockers, who had long hairs and a quiff slicked back (=banane). So they soon evolved into Skinheads. Carnaby Street was no longer the symbolic place of the Swinging London it used to be, known nowadays for its awfully high number of touristsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and the fashion scene, and mods were simply swept away. Skinheads could be really identified as a separate group in 1968 because of their distinctive dress and appearance, the type of music which they liked and the tough, aggressive behaviour they displayed. The emergence of the skinhead style represented a counter-revolution. This revolution took place amongst the working class youth of London and other cities. The movement was non-political and gave off the impression of an aspiring white working class The skinhead style is smart, clean and tough. It is a precise uniform which proclaims identity. They rejected the finery and the slightly effeminate characteristics of the mods and the hippies for clothes that represented more their working class background. They needed clothes that would not get torn in a fight, which would stay neat. So, the famous skinhead itself is typically closely-shaved head for men and a Mod-style short feather cut for girls. The Ben Sherman trend prevailed from mod fashion with button-down, gingham (=vichy) shirts. The size of the check of the shirt (=carreaux) denoted your place in the gang the larger the check the more authority you had in the group. Sta-Prest (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta-Prest) slack (=pants, falzar) and (tough working jeans were the choice of trousers. As a matter of interest it is said that there are many skinheads who would sit in a bath of water with their shrink-to-fit Levi 501 jeans to get the extreme skinny-legged look. Jeans were inevitably tucked into a pair of Dr Martens boots or industrial boots. The look was completed with a pair of braces (=bretelles) a trilby or pork pie hat and even donkey jackets, army greens. To give you a fuller description of their style, it is to be said that if daytime clothes were loose and hard wearing, clothes worn in the evening were well tailored and expensive. That is a feature which is less known. The aim was to outflash/impress/not to get unnoticed (everyone) at the dance hall. Hard Mods as well as the skinheads often lived in the same economically depressed areas of South London as West Indian immigrants and began to emulate (=imitate, follow the example of) what is known as the rude boy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rude_boy) look of pork pie hats (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) and short Levi jeans; which is in fact a way to describe the black youths of the time. This leads us to emphasize some features (often forgotten/left out) that strongly prove the multiculturalism of the skinhead style. MULTICULTURALISM In establishing their own style, the younger brothers of the mods adopted certain elements of the mod style, combined them with items from traditional working clothes, borrowed some influences from the West Indian blacks and became skinheads. As weve just mentioned it, the other source of the skinhead style was the hip young West Indians of the inner city areas, such as Lambeth of Brixton (south of London). Their cool, disdainful attitude to strangers and their style and exuberance in the dance hall made them respected and admired by their white contemporaries. Indeed, the whites and the blacks mixed freely at dance halls and clubs, both indulging a common love of dancing and music. About their haircut for their example, one has to mention that again, this feature was copied from the West Indians who used it as part of their own hairstyles. Skinhead was not about colour, race, religion, national origin, or anything of the sort. It is a kind of brotherhood of individuals who share the same passions. Regarding the music now, and that is almost the most important feature of this subculture as any youth cult needs its own type of music. Music serves to identify and unify members of the group, as well as to entertain. The mods had soul, the Motown sound and beat music. It was necessary for the early skins to obtain a separate musical identity. They adopted the Jamaican music which the black communities in South East London had brought from their homeland and which was the popular music of the Rude Boys. The bouncy, jumpy beat in reggae was chosen by the skins and later, some specific skinhead records were even published. Because of the extrovert character of the West Indian blacks and of the music they played, there was no antagonism between skins and blacks. Indeed, many blacks were skinheads or formed their own crews, such as the Kilburn Blacks and the Kilburn Whites. Another import from Jamaica was Rastafarianism (To make a long story short, mystical cult based on and concerning the downfall of the white colonial races). As its popularity grew, the association of skins and blacks in a common form of music had come to an end. So, at the beginning, skinheads were not racist and more than this, the subculture was strongly rooted in the British values accepting and even taking part in the integration of different cultures such as the Jamaicans. VIOLENCE IN THE SKINHEAD SUBCULTURE AND DRIFTS TOWARDS EXTREMISM So how things turned bad? The escapism from the Skinheads gritty (=rough) industrial reality then took a darker turn (to the football terraces where) as these kids were also a major part of football hooliganism, which is an unfortunate tradition that still exists in Britain today. Once again, a deeply rooted tradition in British society. The aggressive football hooliganism against rival teams became their new entertainment. Each week fans donned (=revà ªtir) the colours of their team and rooted and cheered. (until their faces turned blue.) They also consumed a tremendous amount of alcohol. The highlight of every match was the brawl (=rixe, bagarre). The fights often would pour out into the streets and would involve chains, boots, fists, and anything else they could get their hands on (couteaux, tessons de bouteilles). What is weird is that they were these same thugs who we were talking about earlier. To relax after the fight (aprà ¨s la rencontre et les rixes), they would dress in the best threads (=fringues) that their blue-collar pay cheques could get them, and go and dance, party, and drink all night with the relatively large Jamaican immigrant population and the music they brought with them ska. Paradoxically, Ska and Reggae music often (influenced/associated by/to Rastafarian beliefs, support to the poor and unprivileged) was fashionable among this minor but violent subculture known as skinheads who were known for their racism and violence. Anyway, it is quite sad but football violence at the time was common and there was an increased policing of the fans. Also skins were extremely defensive of their own territory for example, and each gang, called a crew, had its own area which it defended. Contrary to black communities, Asian immigrants had a different, closed way of life and did not blend with traditional working class or East End ways of living. There was a threat of settlement by immigrants and a demolition or removal to overspill/overpopulated area. Skinhead violence may be seen as one response to such changes in society. They looked like an army and, went into action like one. That is one of the description of skinheads you could find. Also, generally, short hair is associated in the public mind with convicts, prison camp inmates and the military (that is to say violence). It was exactly this mean look which the skins wished to cultivate. This made them easy recruits for an ultra-right wing organisation, the National Front. They quickly earned a reputation for attacking blacks and Asians, as well as other minority groups such as hippies and gays. The sadly known Paki bashing appeared and was combined with queer bashing and even student bashing. This led to skinheads being both hated and feared. As the media caught on to this aspect of the cult, it caused some skins to leave the movement and in parallel more violent people to joint it. Eventually, this was one of the reasons which led to its decline in 1971/1972. There was no point in being a skin if you simply got caught by the police wherever you went. This also led to even more diversification among the skinhead ranks. An example in culture is the movie This Is England by the English director Shane Meadows. Not many directors are brave enough to out themselves as a teen racist, but for three weeks, at the age of 12, Shane Meadows fell in with the wrong crowd. He witnessed a horrific beating, which to this day fills him with shame. The event inspired this film, which documents the moment skinhead culture became ugly. It is a coming-of-age story set in a seaside town, in 1983, at the height of Thatcherism. Twelve-year-old Shaun Fields (the name is deliberately autobiographical) joins a gang of skinheads, but camaraderie gives way to tension as the National Front stir up (=remuer) racial hatred. Meadows says/testimonies/witnesses he understands how gangs fill a vacuum for youngsters with little hope. When youre 13 and youve got long, straggly hair and people are taking the piss out of your trousers, and you see this charismatic group of guys in smart Ben Shermans walking down the street, you want to be like them. CONCLUSION Skinheads created one of the most iconic youth movements ever to emerge in Britain. The sub genre known as Skinhead is of purely British origin, it is deeply rooted in a British tradition, for example through football and also connecting the British Isles to Jamaica and that what is interesting. But Skinheads crude political message of racism, hooliganism and street violence was much louder than its artistic one and, as a musical force, it quickly disappeared. It quickly became defined by terror, menace and racism. But beneath the shaved heads and steel-capped boots lay a more complex reality. In the early 1980s, skinheads of all types began to appear throughout the rest of Europe and the United States. Around this same time, many leftist skins began to organise in an effort to throw out the boneheads (cf.2). In 1986, a New York skinhead named Marcus, formed SHARP, which quickly spread throughout the rest of North America and Europe. The AFSA (cf.3) was formed specifically to expel boneheads from the scene. Example: In Toronto, a group of anti-fascist skins formed by a man named David Cheater consists almost completely of Jews. Skin Heads Against Racial Prejudice. Their term for the racist, fascist, Nazi, and other right-wing skinhead groups who were, in the eyes of the traditional skins, stealing their culture. Anti-Fascist Skinhead Alliance. I wanted to do them justice. Also what interested me were the differences between the prejudices and what is the reality behind this. A crew was predominantly a male group, like any other city gang, yet skinhead girls eventually became an accepted part of the scene. Moreover since only a policewoman can search a girl and there are fewer women police than men, girls became useful carriers of weapons or pills. The clothes of skinhead girls made them look superficially like the boys. Cant tell boys from girls from reporters.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: The Truth About Boo Radley -- Kill Mockin

The Truth About Boo Radley in To kill a Mockingbird  Ã‚   First impressions of people are often lasting impressions, especially in the minds of children.   Many times these impressions, aided by misunderstanding and prejudgment, cause unjust discrimination against an individual. To kill a Mockingbird depicts the themes of misunderstanding and prejudice that portray Arthur (Boo) Radley as a villain. Through the progressive revelation of Radley's character, the children realize that their negative impressions and fear of him were unfounded. Through gradual stages of change, from total misunderstanding of Boo, to a realization of an error in judgment, to a reevaluation followed by a change of heart, to a growing trust and acceptance of Boo, and finally to an appreciation of his true character, Jem's, Scout's, and Dill's impressions of Radley are dramatically altered. In the beginning of the novel, many falsehoods by the townspeople portray Boo Radley as a villain. These misleading opinions, very apparent in the adult community, are well illustrated by Miss Stephanie Crawford. She helps skew the children's impressions. Since Atticus, although often interrogated, does not want to create a breach of etiquette, he refuses to speak about the Radleys. Therefore, Jem receives most of his information from Miss Stephanie Crawford, a neighborhood scold, who insists she knows the whole truth about the Radleys. It is from Crawford that the children learn of Radley's scissor attack on his father and other such interesting rumors. Thus, Arthur Radley is labeled as a "hant", a possibly insane and dangerous man, and the "malevolent phantom† (Lee, pg. #). The latter comes from the fact that Radley had not been seen for many years, and was beli... ...ealization for Scout; she acknowledges Radley's good nature and kindness. She realizes that Radley had given them their lives, the most important gift of all. Radley has indeed found a place in the children's hearts, and through his natural goodness he comes out as the true hero of To Kill a Mockingbird.   .   Through many fundamental stages in the novel, the character of Boo Radley is slowly unraveled depicting his true self. As negative first impressions undergo a metamorphosis, Radley's character is gradually revealed. This growth and process of change makes the children and the reader realize that prejudgment of a person generally results in a misrepresentation of an individual.   Because of this one misstep in the judgment process, many potential heroes could be missing from our lives forever.    Works Cited Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird.   

Global Warming Essay -- Environment Climate Change

Global Warming Human kind has entered a brand new relationship with the earth. The constant and increasing pressures we are exerting threaten our planets ability to sustain life itself. Change-in the way we think , and in the way we live-is needed now.Global warming is the most urgent environmental problem the world will face in the next decade and the next century. Few, if any, trends are more important to our future than climate change caused by human activities. Scientist around the world are warning us that global warming poses a major threat to our future quality of life, previously there has been little information on this problem. Right now, the rate of global warming may be 100 times faster than it has ever been. Very soon the earth may become hotter then at any time in human history. In the last decades the problems of atmospheric change have been gravely advanced by pollution resulting from human activities. These environmental changes pose a real threat to the lives of people and wild life.It is vital to all of us that we fully understand the complex relationship between the atmosphere and the earth. The earth is getting warmer. the changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed up. Within the next 50 to 100 years, the earth will continue to heat up hotter than it has been in the past million years. As oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops t...

Paper as a Metaphor in A Streetcar Named Desire -- Tennessee Williams,

"[M]ortgages, foreclosures, directions, letters, poems, telegrams, newspapers, appraisals, songs, even moons (Kolin 1)." What do these all have to do with each other? Paper and A Streetcar Named Desire. Philip C. Kolin points out this metaphor in his article " 'It's only a paper moon': The Paper Ontology' in Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire.'" Kolin has found that Williams has used paper as a metaphor to describe Blanche's and Stanley's faults and desires. Kolin finds this to be a common thread in Williams' work but mainly focuses on Streetcar. Williams himself finds paper to be an interesting creation: "In Williams' own words, paper, when properly inscribed, can be sacred, yet when it is subjected to corrupt or untruthful imprints it is profane" (2). It's true paper seems to play a very important role in this play. One of the first things Stanley does is throw a "red-stained swatch of butcher paper" (3), at Stella. After reading or viewing this play, a bloodstained paper and Stanley definitely seem to intertwine with each other. Kolin argues Stanley uses paper ...

The ideas of classical economists

Dry James Anagram Synopsis The purpose of this work is to examine and understand the main thoughts of prominent economists during the classical period, namely Adam Smith, Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Stuart Mill. It is also included the comparison of ideas between these masters and last but not least, the contributions of these Ideas In today's context.At the beginning, the background of the classical period Is provided to ensure that readers have a better understanding of the economist's ideas. Followed by that, each economists ideas will be discussed respectively, and the comparison will be made. The contributions of Adam Smith, David Richard and Thomas Malthusian will be discussed in the last part and conclusion would be drawn. Content Page No.Page number Introduction 4 2 Background 3 The Five Prominent Economists Adam Smith Thomas Malthusian David Richard Jeremy Beneath John Stuart Mill 5 6 7 Comparison of Ideas between the Five Economists 8 Contribut ions of Classical School in Contemporary 9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Appendices 12 Classical school started during the late 18th century, when Adam Smith published his independent field of study and set forth the development of modern economics. Their ideas such as division of labor and comparative advantages are still discusses and implied in today's world.The work of this paper is to examine the main thoughts of five leading economists of classical period, namely Adam Smith, Thomas Malthusian, David Richard, Jeremy Beneath and John Mill and to compare their thoughts and concepts. Also, the relevance of contributions of their ideas in today's context will be discussed. Background Before classical period there was mercantilism period (1500 – 1776). During that time, manipulations and government intervention in the market is being practiced. Wealth of a nation is weighed in terms of gold and silver that a country possessed.Therefore international trade is discouraged by th e implementation of tariff, in order to prevent wealth flowing to other countries. However, as scientific revolution and industrial revolution take place, it helps to nurture the ideas of classicists. (Refer appendix 1 for influence of scientific revolution) There are a few main features in classical economics thoughts. Firstly, classical economists advocate free trade in rake. Without government intervention, the economy could self-adjust to achieve full employment. Secondly, each party, I. E. He merchants, workers and consumers will each seek self-benefit as it is in the human nature. Hence, harmony of interests will be achieved when the pursuit of self-interest will eventually leads to the best interest of the society. Thirdly, classicists consider all economic resources such as land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship as the nation's wealth and lastly, the classicists made a remarkable contribution to economics by explaining economic horses explicitly. Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) is often regarded as the father of modern political economy.In his life he had written two books, The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Moral Sentiments discussed the moral forces that restrain selfishness and bind people together in a workable society; Wealth of Nations assumed the existence of a Just society and showed how the individual is guided and limited by economic forces. (Bruce and Grant, 2007: p. 62) Adam Smith economic ideas are something of a novelty during his time. He introduced the idea of division of labor, which in today's word means specialization.By practicing division of labor, the productivity could be increased as (1) workers' skills are enhanced when they perform only one single task, (2) time for changing work task from one to another is saved, and (3) invention of machines could help increasing productivity once tasks have been simplified and made routine. (Bruce and Grant, 2007). Another i dea being pointed out by Smith is the harmony of interest. When all parties in a economy is seeking their self-interest, the natural order of the oral will eventually channel it to become social good.The key behind this complex mechanism is the concept of competition. Thus, Smith opposed government intervention in the market for the corruption and favoritism will leads to monopoly and competition will fail. This also implies in international trade. Smith thinks that have an advantage in and trades it with other countries. Although Smith is against government involvement in the economy, he did suggest a few roles that government could play in the economy. (Refer to appendix 2) When talk about value, Smith is of he opinion that measurement of value should be labor.The value of any commodity to a person, who possesses it, if he wishes to exchange it for other commodities, is equal to the quantity of labor which it enables him to purchase or command. Labor, therefore, is the real measur e of the exchangeable value of all commodities. (Bruce and Grant, 2007:p. 72) However, Smith did noticed that there are practical and theoretical difficulties in this theory. (Refer appendix 3 for further details) Thomas Malthusian (1766 – 1834) advanced the population theory in his publication An Essay on the Principle of Population.He states that population will increases at a geometric rate when unchecked while subsistence would only increases at best arithmetic rate. He suggested 2 types of checks, first is preventive checks which are those that reduce the birth rate and second, positive checks which are those that increase the death rate, to control population growth. Part of Malthusian ideas were adopted when the Poor Law Amendment of 1834 was passed. In his later work Principles of Political Economy, Malthusian came out with the theory of market gluts. He suggested that insufficient demand would occur due to inequality of distribution of income.Due to that, spending by landlords is important to prevent a glut of goods on the market which would turn into economic stagnation. (Bruce and Grant, 2007) David Richard (1772 – 1823) is a influential figure in the field of economics. He is hailed as the economists' economist for his extraordinary contributions in economics. The man who only had 14 years of formal education addressed economic matters academically. One of his main thoughts is the theory of free trade and from here derived the law of comparative costs, also known as law of comparative advantage.He explained that a person or country should produce goods which they can produce t a lower opportunity cost as compared to their competitors. In doing so, they would be more efficient and when traded with another country that practices the same theory, would achieve mutual benefit. Taking Turbot's concept of diminishing returns in agriculture, Richard used it to develop his theory of rent and introduced the law of diminishing returns. The law says that as the number of factor of production I. E. Labor increases, assuming sisters Paramus, the marginal product will at some point diminish.In the discussion of value, Richard said that a commodity must have use alee if it is to have exchange value. The use value of a commodity is derived from their scarcity and also the quantity of labor requires in obtaining it. Although utility is vital, it is not a measurement of exchange value. Time needed for producing the good and obtaining the raw material to produce the good is the exchange value for a commodity, according to Richard. The minimization of a person's pleasure, advanced the principle of utility.This notion is that people pursue things that provide pleasure and avoid things that produce pain; all individuals seek to maximize their total pleasure. Bruce and Grant, 2007:p. 122) Unlike hedonism, Beneath added the ethical doctrine into utilitarianism that human action should direct to the greatest happiness of the greatest nu mber of people. For that reason, Beneath was very active in social reforms. He supported free education for all, right for women, abolition of slavery and death penalty and many more. The major problem with Bantam's utility theory was that pleasure, a kind of emotion could not be quantify or measure.He tried to measure it using the Felicia Calculus, but he himself acknowledged the flaws in his calculation. John Stuart Mill who attended home schooling had his father, James Mill as his teacher. As a result, he got influenced by Bantam's thoughts of utilitarianism, as his father is a close friend to Jeremy Beneath. He further enhanced the utilitarianism concept, stating that enjoyment ought to be viewed in terms of not only quantity but also quality. (Anagram, 2012) His publication, Principles of Political Economy summarizes and fused all the economic knowledge up to his day.His discussed various issues from production to international trade. His most important and original contributio n is the law of international values. He implied the elasticity of demand for goods in his theory and successfully showed that the real exchange price takes into account not only the domestic costs, but also the elasticity of demand for each product abroad. Comparisons of Ideas between the Five Economists After reading the main thoughts of the five economists, we can see the evolution of economic thoughts in the timeline.The masters each have their own explanation on various topics, sometimes agreeing with each other and other times which they argued. From a bigger picture, we can depict that the ideas during the early period of lassie period varies from ideas of those in the end of classical period. For example, Adam Smith proposed laissez-fairer with minimal government involvement as the invisible hand in the market would eventually move the market to its equilibrium stage. However, Jeremy Beneath, who holds the idea of the greatest happiness for the largest number of people, thin ks that government should overlook the economy and social policy.In international trade issue, Adam Smith explained that export could remove surpluses in market but it could be done only when a country has absolute advantage in producing the particular goods. It was Richard then who argued that country could still benefit from trade even without absolute advantage. He introduced the theory of comparative costs, which is a situation when a country could produce certain goods with relative lower opportunity cost than the other country, and trades between them would still benefit each other.Mill supported Orchard's view of international trade, and further elaborated it by the law of international values. Mill said that the international price of trade is determined by the elasticity of demand of the product. Mill's theory is important as it overcome the economy. On the topic of value, Adam Smith placed his concern in value of exchange. He explained that the measurement of value should be labor and in exchanging commodities, both commodities should have equal quantity of labor to obtain it. As for Richard, he defined exchange value must have use value.The use value of a good is derived from its scarcity and also numbers of labor needed to obtain it. Richard then argued that exchange value of a good rely not only on the time used by labor to produce it, but also the time taken to obtain raw materials and capital goods which s used in the production process. In examining Thomas Malthusian ideas, the work of a very controversial man during his time, we could see that his works are favored by the wealthy landlords and on the other hand, pushed the lower classes – the poor people – into a deeper pit.In his population theory, he states that â€Å"population when unchecked increases geometrically, while subsistence increases at best arithmetically'. Therefore, to control the population growth there is preventive checks and positive checks. Richard, who is a close friend to Malthusian, argued that the theory s untrue and as a matter of fact, as years go by, the increment of food production is higher than increment of population growth. Contributions of the Classical School in Contemporary It is undeniable that the ideas of classical economists are a breakthrough in the mercantilism period and set forth the foundation of modern economic studies.Their works, being influenced by the scientific revolution, seeks experimental evidence to support and verify their ideas thus increase the credibility of their works. Below are three economists that made lasting contributions to the economic until today: 1 . Credited with the title father of modern political economy, Adam Smith indeed had made a huge impact in transformation of economy from mercantilism to free market. The most valuable idea that he leave for us would be the harmony of interest.The key behind the mechanism that brought all self-interest seeking behavior to become a social good, commonly also known as the invisible hand, is the concept of competition. It is because of competition that producers are restrained from making extra profit and hence drives down the price of goods. This theory is still recognized n today's economy. 2. David Richard Richard made a significant contribution with his theory of comparative advantage that served as a cornerstone in today's international trading policies.Although it was later refined by John Mill, nevertheless credits should still be given to this man. 3. Thomas Malthusian Despite being a controversial figure and his theories favor the upper class of the society, Thomas Malthusian still made some contributions to the contemporary economy. It was through his notions that the population growth issue is being concerned and later developed to be a formal study. It was his work regarding market gluts that later catches Keynes attention and expanded it. The classical school of thoughts indeed is an essential period in the his tory of the economical behavior of the society.

Triple Bottom Line Approach

Green companies save money and help the planet with a triple bottom line approach Conventional wisdom says that organizations must choose between economic prosperity or environmental protection. Many business, however, are discovering that this is an outdated myth and there is no need to choose between one or the other. Energy efficiency projects that reduce utility costs, recycling initiatives that minimize waste disposal fees, and elimination of wasteful practices that consume auteur resources are all win-win scenarios that save money and reduce the impact on the planet at the same time.When these initiatives are carried out in a fair and just manner towards employees or contractors, then a win-win-win scenario is achieved. This approach of increasing profitability and improving the environment, while serving the community well through fair employment practices, is known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† and is the core component for sustainability programs, sometimes referre d to as corporate social responsibility (CARS). The benefits of a triple bottom line approach to business are numerous.Many companies find that looking at their operations â€Å"through a sustainability lens† helps them identify opportunities that they were previously unaware of. Cost savings opportunities are identified that help drive waste out of organizations, reducing their environmental Impact. The benefits go beyond the obvious financial and environmental gains, however. Sustainability programs give companies an opportunity to distinguish themselves from their competitors.Studies show that employees want to work for socially responsible companies, so an effective sustainability program will aid In the recruiting of new hires. Proactively reducing harmful environmental practices can also potentially reduce liability and can keep organizations one step ahead of future regulatory changes that may restrict, or even outright ban, practices that are currently allowed. Future columns will provide many real-world examples of triple bottom line Initiatives that any company can Implement.

Pay It Forward Essay

Pay It Forward An act of kindness can develop values for both the person receiving the aid and the person offering the support as well as community development. In this summary key points are discussed on altruism. The summary stems from an act of kindness, which was conducted by the author as a student of Capstone Course in Psychology/Psy 490. I presented money to a person who needed money for his or her next meal, without expecting anything in return. A person does not realize the degree of emotions involved in experiencing need nor true concern until he or she begins to offer support with no desire of reward. Altruism, Personal and Professional Social Responsibility, and Codependency Altruism is the act of aiding another without thought of self or reward. Altruism is also the moral obligation to help others (Myers, 2008). These are selfless acts, which grant something to someone else; the ego also desires to develop a responsible identity of self. People also need to identify with personal and professional social responsibility to become mature individuals. According to Chickering and Braskamp (2009), â€Å"a civic and moral identity and sense of obligation to society are more apt to behave in ways, which fulfill individual and social responsibilities† (p. 27). When we cannot fulfill our desires of responsibility codependency can become a reactionary problem where individuals react to problems, pains, lives, and behaviors of themselves and others instead of acting in ways, which are adaptive (Morgan, 1991, p. 724). Applying Altruism to Psychology or Psychological Principles Psychological principles are designed to follow the Code of Conduct and its principles. Psychology practices ethical and humane practices within research as well as promoting mental health. The Code of Conduct is followed strictly by professionals of psychology to uphold the rights of consumers, and to offer help to many of life’s problems. Although psychological approaches are not always acts of giving with no reward, many consumers view psychological interventions as acts of moral obligation. Professionals possess personal and social responsibilities to those in need in the communities. Altruism as it Improves the Human Condition Helping others with no desire for reward is beneficial for the human condition. Performing the act of kindness of providing money for food to someone in need helped to build moral character for both parties involved. The person in need, perhaps has gained knowledge he or she is not alone and others do care about what happens to him or her. The person receiving the gift may reciprocate the act by searching for jobs or applying for social support. The person giving the gift has become responsible to help others; this act can lead to bigger acts in the community of aid to others. Many people in the community practicing altruism can be beneficial in teaching social responsibility to others. In such efforts to promote altruism limits exist in persuading others to become responsible in the plight. Personal and Professional Responsibilities Related to Altruism Altruism is a moral obligation or duty to help others. Responsible individuals are obligated to help those in need, and help provide the direction so he or she may learn independence and responsibility. Psychological professions must uphold a moral character for the reputation of psychology whereas always striving to help clients and patients with social problems. The Future of Psychology in Contemporary Society Society will become more responsible because of psychological interventions. Those individuals who have developed personal and social responsibilities will help others to learn to help themselves. Human society is full of problems, societies’ members cannot expect others not to receive help for their problems. Psychology will play the role of meeting these problems with professional attitudes and awareness. New interventions to promote stronger individual experiences will come from psychology. Altruism will help to mold a society, which eventually will be self-sufficient. Conclusion In conclusion, altruism is a selflessness motive to help others, which can promote betterment for society and lead to personal and social responsibility. Human identity formation must be enriched by experiences, knowledge, and insight or reactionary problems such as codependency can occur. Personal and professional responsibilities to altruism should be conducted without obligation and with awareness of respect and competence. The benefits of altruism to the human condition are immense. Trust and integrity can be learned from acts of kindness. Persons and professionals should always engage altruistic acts for the betterment of social avenues. Psychology’s concepts of preserving future experiences will rely on altruistic codes to promote a healthy future for each member of communities. References Chickering, A., & Braskamp, L. A. (2009). Developing a global perspective for personal and social responsibility. Peer Review, 11(4), 27-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216586612?accountid=458 Morgan, J. (1991). What is codependency? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 720-729. Myers, D. G. (2008). Social psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Project on Samsung.

COMPANY PROFILE Samsung Group is a South Korean multi national conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest in South Korean. Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. mainly engaged in the production of consumer electronic products. One of the world's largest semiconductor manufacturers, Samsung Electronics is also South Korea's top electronics company.Samsung Distribution ChannelIt makes many kinds of consumer devices, including DVD players, digital TVs, and digital still cameras; computers, color monitors, LCD panels, and printers; semiconductors such as DRAMs, static RAMs, flash memory, and display drivers; and communications devices ranging from wireless handsets and smartphones to networking gear. The company, which is the flagship member of Samsung Group, also makes microwave ovens, refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines.Nearly half of sales come from the Asia/Pacific region. Company Vision :- Samsung Electronics' vision for the new decade is, â€Å"Inspire the World, Create the Future. † This new vision reflects Samsung Electronics’ commitment to inspiring its communities by leveraging Samsung's three key strengths: â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products,† and â€Å"Creative Solutions. † Samsung SWOT analysis Strengths:- 1. Hardware integration with many open source OS and software 2.Excellence in engineering and producing hardware parts and consumer electronics 3. Innovation and design 4. Focus on environment 5. Low production costs 6. Largest share in mobile phones and 2 place in smartphones sales 7. Ability to market the brand Weaknesses:- 1. Patent infringement 2. Too low profit margin 3. Main competitors are also largest buyers 4. Lack its own OS and software 5. Focus on too many products Opportunities:- 1. Growing India’s smartphone market 2.Growing mobile advertising industry 3. Growing demand for quality application processors 4. Growth of tablets market 5. Obtaining patents through acquisitions Threats:- 1. Saturated smartphone markets in developed countries 2. Rapid technological change 3. Declining margins on hardware production 4. Breached patents 5. Apple’s iTV launch 6. Price wars Marketing Mix (4P’S) of samsung smart phones 4 P’s of Samsung smartphone: What made it possible for Samsung to beat Apple in smartphone sales?