Iraq War Essay

The past wars among many sovereign countries were caused not only by misunderstanding and miscommunication. Political leaders usually have a set of premature agenda hidden from the public: agenda that seek good fruit from launching wars and political instability. Only one thing is certain: these wars, with their premature agenda, do more damage than what is intended. Invasion of Iraq: Its Positive Side   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though majority of the polls in the United States produce same results and arguments about the negative reputation of the country, it is yet empirically verified (). Poll surveys may give a view of a certain population upon an issue and from there generalizations are being made. These generalizations (based from poll surveys) cannot be the sole justification of America’s reputation because of the mere reason of its limited scope. Even if the poll surveys result to the belief that America’s reputation is damaged, empirically it is still possible that it might not really be damaged.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the facts, some known statesman and scholars believed that US position and reputation had certainly improved after four years of occupation of the Iraqi land. The relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia was stained before the US invasion of Iraq. Prince Saud of Saudi Arabia expressed that if an attack on Iraq was sanctioned by the UN Security Council, it would not be classified as an act of aggression. He noted, â€Å"So we are ardently urging the United States to continue to work with the United Nations and not to create an act of individual aggression, of individually taking charge of the duties of the Security Council† (Saudis warn US over Iraq War, 2003:1). This stained relationship of the United States and Saudi Arabia had changed after four years of occupation of Iraq by the US. Saudi Arabia supported the United States of its call for rebuilding the lives of the Iraqi people and the country as a whole under a democratic government. A diplomat from Saudi Arabia who came to the White House last August said that Saudi is willing to cooperate with the United States with its genuine effort to rebuild Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not so distant that other countries in the world supported the call of the United States in rebuilding Iraq. The Philippines and Lebanon were the first countries to accept the challenge of helping Iraq to rebuild itself.   Lebanon said that Saddam Hussein’s regime had killed thousand innocent people during his course of his rule. Hosni Mubarak, Egypt’s President said that their country will send military and medical missions that will enormously help Iraq in its rebuilding process. He also promised that the government that will be established in Iraq will be given equal respect like any other sovereign country. Even though many countries had opposed the United States invasion of Iraq, they regain the respect of these countries. United States aim to rebuild Iraq had resulted to the support of multi-sectoral support of many countries. Japan, despite of the treat from North Korea promised to extend its help through Official Development Assistance to Iraq. Australia on the other hand, promised to allot a significant amount of its foreign budget for the Iraqi reconstruction. To sum up, all these promised help from many countries in the world is grounded on the notion that the United States’ effort to rebuild Iraq is genuine and based on the democratic principle of self-determination. The issue of continued occupation of the US troops in Iraq remains an open issue. Although this issue does not damage the image and credibility of the US government in other countries at recent times, it may in the near future. The rebuilding process of the Iraqi government must come into place for the self-determination of its right and sovereignty. In accordance with this, President Bush said, â€Å"The ultimate victory in Iraq, which is a government that can sustain itself, govern itself, and defend itself, depends upon the Iraqi citizens   and the Iraqi government doing the hard work to protect their country† (Reid, 2006, p.1). Bush maintained that the role of the United States is to support the effort of the Iraqi government in the attainment of that objective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Against War Itself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Against the political machinations and demagoguery of the Bush government, the US-led invasion and eventual occupation of Iraq is unjustified. Most people in Western liberal countries see the US-led invasion of Iraq as morally and politically unjustified. Added to that, there is also wide belief that the Bush government used the â€Å"existence† of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq to launch its war. Bush’s justification of declaring war in Iraq was far from justified. The US military failed to find any weapons of mass destruction. Another justification of the US government is that Iraq can not be able to work things out their own way. They believed that the only chance for the Iraqi government to exercise democracy is to let the US led and rebuild them. In the short run, some people identified the war against Iraq as a desperate move of the US government to overthrow Saddam Hussien’s regime. In the long run, however, it seems that the war created undesirable consequences. The continued occupation of Iraq by the United States is the one referred to as long run. Retired Lieutenant General William Odom, a professor at the Yale University said, â€Å"A rapid reversal of our present situation in Iraq would improve U.S. credibility around the world† (Odom, 2007:4). According to Odom, US forces in Iraq are already caught in a trap that has damaged America’s reputation (Odom, 2007:1). He argued that the invasion is unnecessary given the justifications and reasons the US government had presented. He added that American public opinion is now justifiably against the continued war and occupation of Iraq. The search for a viable and abundant resource like oil was the reason the United States, in the face of a slowing economy, entered into war with Iraq. In England alone, citizen’s opinion on the war was negatively criticized. According to Odom, the red state citizens of England were not in favor of the war against Iraq and the eventual the domination of the country. These reasons, according to him, may give way to the possibility of withdrawal of US troops from Iraq and apparently will improve US credibility. This will allow the United States to reestablish diplomatic and military mobility. Odom mentioned the current Zogby poll which suggested that most US troops would favor an early withdrawal deadline (Odom, 2007:3). He further argued that setting an early date of withdrawal would improve the morale of the US troops in Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Washington Post released a recent poll which indicates that in the United States alone, most of the adult respondents find the government effort in Iraq vital and certainly giving the United States a negative reputation (Reid, 2006:1). Out of all the respondents, seventy percent believe that the war in Iraq was a major factor in the negative image the United States is facing. Moreover, forty-eight percent of the respondents think that the US government failed to improve the lives of Iraqi people. The opposition of the West had a decisive effect on the result of the survey. In defiance of the opinion of the United Nations Security Council, President George Bush forced his decision to attack Iraq. The war against Iraq caused the death of at least 2,803 American soldiers during its military and naval operations.    Philosophically, the war against Iraq is unjustified in the world of constitutional liberty. Any war can do no good between the involved countries. The people of an occupied country will not accept any compromise of their sovereignty.   The damage that the war may yield is immeasurable and cruel to the eyes of an observer. The history of wars repeatedly resulted to deaths of millions of innocent people. Moreover, the invasion of Iraq is evidence that the US, a superpower, can conquer and take charge of any sovereign country that does not share its ideology. In the case of Iraq, US may use the invasion of Iraq as an alibi to acquire the Iraqi oil. Added to that, the Iraq war and the continued occupation of the US troops are not justifiable because of the damaging effects to the Iraqi nation. Some examples of these are: 1) the abuse of the human rights, 2) the depletion of resources for the benefit of the US, and 3) the continued domination of the US in the oil industry. The continued occupation of Iraq must be stop for many logical reasons. These reasons are the Iraqi resistance, the military itself and the large number of opposition of people in the United States (due to the lack of financial support to many disasters in the United States. Logically, the invasion of Iraq and the continued occupation by the US troops should be withdrawn. From the above evidences of the unjustified war and occupation of Iraq, People might say â€Å"Let the people of Iraq determine their self and future†. In addition, Iraq like any other country has the right to rebuild itself. In this way they will regain their confidence and self- determination. Finally, Iraq’s freedom should not be determined by any other country (even US). The true liberty dwells on the heart and minds of the Iraqi people.

An overview of Qantas Group Business Practices Essay

Executive Summary This report is commission to analyse the activities of the Qantas Group and main risks that Qantas has to face. Through analysing the factors that may affect the profit of the corporation, different derivatives that Qantas Group can use to hedge the risks are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of these derivatives are given. As a listed company, Qantas Group focuses on providing airline services both in domestic and international markets. During daily operations, input price risk, foreign exchange risk and stock price risk are the main risks that the company has to use different derivatives to control. Based on analysis, it is suggested that these risks could be hedged by using options and forward contracts respectively and specific reasons are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of these derivatives. Through hedging, it is believed that the risks of Qantas facing today could be better controlled in the future. 1.1 Activity Description Qantas Airways Limited is Austra lia’s number one airline, which connects Australia to 81 destinations in 40 other countries worldwide and operates extensive domestic services in both Australia and New Zealand (Qantas Airways Limited 2011). Its main business is the ‘transportation of passengers using two complementary airlines, Qantas and Jetstar, operating international, domestic and regional services’ (Qantas Airways Limited 2011). In addition to airline brands, the Qantas Group operates a number of related activities to broaden its portfolio of businesses and investments, such as Qantas Frequent Flyer and Qantas Freight Enterprises. With the increasing competition in the airline industry, Qantas Group continues to manage its strategic, financial and operational risks, respect the rights of shareholders, introduce new technology that enhance the customer experience and provide more safety service (Qantas Airways Limited 2011). According to the 2011 annual report, Qantas had suffered several significant weather events and natural disasters during the year. Hence, Qantas now tries to control the potential risks and recover the airfreight market through improving its joint venture agreements with both domestic and international airfreight network. 1.2 Main risks As a listed national airline company which occupies approximate 65% Australian domestic market share and 18% international market share (Qantas review 201 2), Qantas faces various risks during its daily operations, mainly including input  price risks, foreign exchange risk and stock price risk. The input price risk refers to the volatile in the prices of inputs which may impact a company’s financial result (Harper 2010). As an airline company, Qantas heavily depends on the jet fuel to support its normal business operation. For instance, it incurred 3,684 and 4,329 million dollars of fuel costs in 2011 and 2012, separately (Qantas Airways Limited 2012), which leads the company to be significantly sensitive to the price fluctuations in the jet fuels. As a rise in the fuel price might largely increase the costs of flight services while a decline in input price would save costs in contrast, it may further influence the ticket prices and sales volume in its business. In other words, it exposes Qantas to the input price risk to a relative high level. The foreign exchange risk is the financial risk of an exposure to unexpected exchange rates between currencies, which may have either a positive or negative impact to a company’s financial position and performance (Harper 2010). Besides the domestic destinations, Qantas also serves international flights and has developed codeshare relationships and joint service agreements with many foreign airline companies all over the world (Ports and Relationships 201 2). It indicates that Qantas has to face the financial risk in the unanticipated currency exchange rates between Australian dollar and various foreign currencies in terms of sales, costs, expenses and investments. As a listed company on the ASX, Qantas also confronts the stock price risk, as the changes and fluctuations in its stock price may significantly impact the entity’s financial position and shareholders’ wealth. Generally the stock price is influenced by both the macroeconomic trends and the corporation-specific factors. For instance, the global economy recession may impact the financial situation in all industries including airlines, which would result in the decline in all stock prices in the stock market; while some company-specific factors only influence the certain company’s stock price, such as the weather factors suffered by Qantas which affect its services and financial performance may specifically impact the stoke price of Qantas. As explained by Harper (2010), many companies develop strategies to hedge risks by adopting certain derivatives. Qantas can choose proper derivatives such as futures and options to assist in reducing the risks mentioned above to a reasonable level. Hedging input price risk by using options Hedging through options  could reduce the risk from potential future market movements (Hull 2011). Because of the great deal of jet fuel consuming, the price changes in inputs (fuel) are of significant importance to Qantas (Investopedia 2012). Qantas hedges against the price increase of jet fuel (crude oil and jet kerosene) to eliminate the potential risk. Qantas held the hedging using options, which is traded on the Australian securities exchange, of future aviation fuel purchases by crude oil and jet kerosene derivative contracts in 2012 (Qantas Airways Limited 2012). Qantas uses options on crude oil and jet kerosene to hedge exposure to fuel price movements. According to Qantas policy, up to 80% of the estimated fuel consumption out to 12 months and up to 40% in the subsequent 12 months could be hedged. Any other hedging outside the parameters must be approved by the Qantas Board. 58% (2012) and 53% (2011) of the estimated fuel exposure less than one year have been hedged. Also, 6% (2012) and 9% (2011) of the estimated fuel exposures more than one year but less than three years have been hedged. The net gain from future aviation fuel payments less than one year is minus $11 million (2012) and $130 million (2011) (See Appendix 2.1.1) (Qantas Airways Limited 2012). Advantages and disadvantages: The advantage associated with the hedging strategy is that it reduces the potential fuel price movement risks. Qantas airway, which provides airline services to customers, has no particular skills in predicting changes, fuel price for example (Hull 2011). Hedging the risks associated with these potential increasing variables could be beneficial. Qantas could place more focus on the main business activities by avoiding unpleasant risks through hedging (Hull 2011). However, there are several limitations within the hedging strategy. First, competitive pressures within the airline industry could result in the fluctuation of costs of raw materials. As a result, companies without hedging strategy can have constant profit margins, and companies which have adopted hedging strategies to reduce potential risks may have fluctuating profit margins (Hull 2011). Second, Bakshi and Kapadia (2003) argued that there could be a market price for the exposure to volatility uncertainties when the expected volatility is not constant. The fuel price could experience increasing or decreasing in the estimated period of time, so the hedging using options could bring a loss of the upfront payment.2.2 Hedging foreign exchange risk by using forward contracts The basic principle of hedging foreign exchange  risk is to exchange the currency when exchange rate is favourable, and then invest currency which is native to the country of origin. The purpose of this approach is to prevent a monetary loss by safeguarding the investor against currency exchange rate fluctuation (Sayali Bedekar Patil 2012). Forward contracts are usually used to lock the receipts and payments in a fixed exchange rate. It offers stability to both the receipts and payments. In Australia many banks provide forward rate as a service to customers. By entering into a forward contract with a bank, the Qantas can simply transfer the risk to the bank, which will now have to bear. In this case, Qantas forecasts the exchange rate could fluctuate and end with a possible depreciation of USD. Qantas then can enter into a short forwards contract with a bank to fix the exchange rate reduce the foreign currency risk. FXStreet website (2012) contains information on spot and forward quotes for the AUD/USD exchange rate, Dec 24, 2012. (See Appendix 2.2.1) By entering into the forwards contract using forwards, Qantas is guaranteed of an exchange rate of AUD 1.0375 per USD in the future irrespective of the spot exchange rate in three months. If USD were actually depreciated in three months, Qantas would hedge the risk. However, if it were to appreciate, then Qantas would have to forego favourable movement and hence bear implied losses. Advantages and disadvantages: Forward contract is a management technique to reduce, mitigate and eliminate risks. The transactions are over the counter without regulation, so the two parties (buyer and seller) can negotiate that they mutual ly agree in any terms, such as the underlying asset, timing, location, amount and type of trade. The contracts are characterized in flexibility, they are not settled until the specified date so there is no initial upfront payment required, moreover, there is no commission paid on the trade (Khalid, Mohammed, Abdul and Hisham 2011). On the other hand, the contracts are often illiquid, because a forward contract is usually designed to meet specific needs. The buyer may find it difficult to sell the position to a third party because of its specificity. Moreover, the credit risk exists as the clearinghouse does not guarantee the amount. Finally, it is unregulated that a formal body has the responsibility for setting regulations and procedures to protect their transition (Khalid, Mohammed, Abdul and Hisham 2011). 2.3 Hedge stock price risk by using options Stock price risk refers to the company performing under its  expectation, i.e. a decrease in its stock price (Moazeni and Foroghy 2012). Greater returns should be in relation with higher stock risks (Koslowsky 2009), and to pursu e a higher return in stock market, Qantas has to face a higher level of stock risks, i.e. a larger possibility that the company may suffer loss when stock price decrease. To hedge the stock risk, i.e. to hedge stock price from decreasing, we found that Qantas has a number of call and put options in market, with underlying assets of Qantas Airways, of different expiry date, either in American or in European style, which is in turn effectively in manage its exposure to risk in stock market. Call option refers to the right to buy while put option refers to the right to sell. As an option seller, Qantas uses call options for the Airways stock in expectation that the stock price will decrease in the future whereas use put options for the Airways in expectations that the stock price will increase in the future. First of all, as a call option seller, Qantas will get benefit when the market price is below the exercise price as their exercise price is locked. This is because their counterparty will not exercise the option when market price is below the exercise price, so Qantas will benefit from the premium their counterparties paid. Similarly, as a put option seller, Qantas will benefit when stock price increases. In addition, as we found that Qantas has a number of options with different expiry date up to 17/12/2015 (ASX 2012), we could say that Qantas will be effective in managing its stock risk by using options in a time horizon. Advantages and disadvantages: The advantage of shorting options is the option seller will get benefit, i.e. premium paid by their counterparties, in shorting calls when stock price increases, and in shorting puts when stock price decreases, and it is quite flexible, as their counterparties can exercise the option before the expiry date, depending on the volatility of the share price. However, the disadvantage of selling option is the loss from stock price volatility, that is, the loss is unlimited in selling call options when stock price increases and in selling put options when stock price decreases. Reference List: ASX. 2012, viewed 28 December 2012, Bakshi, G. and Kapadia, N. 2003, ‘Delta-Hedged Gains and the Negative Market Volatility Risk Premium’, Review of Financial Studies, vol. 16, pp. 527-566. FXStreet, 2012, FXStreet, viewed 24 December 2012,  Harper, D. 2010, How Companies Use Derivatives To Hedge Risk, Investopedia, viewed 19 December 2012, Hull, J. C. 2011, Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, London. Investopedia, 2012, How Companies Use Derivatives To Hedge Risk, Investopedia US, A Division of ValueClick, Inc., viewed 20 December 2012, Kameel, A. and Meera, M. 2001, Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk with Forwards, Futures, Options and the Gold Dinar: A Comparison Note, Department of Business Administration International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia, viewed 24 December 2012, Khalid, Z. and Mohammed, J. and Mohammed, L. and Hisham, K. and Abdul, K. 2011, Islamic Derivatives in Saudi Arabia: Types of Forward Contracts, A l-Yamamah U niversity, viewed 24 December 2012, Koslowsky, D. 2009, ‘The Relationship between capital structure and expected returns’, University of Monitoba, viewed 28 December 2012, Moazeni, G. and Foroghy, D. 2012, ‘Stock Risk’s Management Applying Market Risk Premium in Tehran Stock Exchange’, International Conference on Accounting and Finance (AT), pp. 194-199. Ports and Relationships 2012, Qantas Airways Limited, Sydney, viewed 19 December 2012, Qantas Airways Limited 2011, Qantas Annual Report 2011, Qantas Airways Limited, Sydney, viewed 22 December 2012, Qantas Airways Limited 2012, Qantas Annual Report 2012, Qantas Airways Limited, Sydney, viewed 20 December 2012, Qantas reviews 2012, Air Review, viewed 19 December 2012, Sayali Bedekar Patil, 2012, Foreign Currency Hedging, viewed 24 December 2012,

Ethical behavior Essay

One of the primary rules of conduct in the medical profession is â€Å"First, do no harm,† and it is upon this directive that most matters of ethics in medicine can be grounded. Ethical behavior rests on this principle. It is the norm and is what is expected from all doctors and nurses. For instance, providing a patient with all relevant information to enable him to make an informed decision on whether to undergo surgery or not is considered ethical and proper. Most unethical behavior, on the other hand, stems from a desire for profit, although the actual participants (nurses, in particular) in an unethical act may only be taking part to preserve their job. A blatant (although unlikely) example of unethical behavior in a doctor would be the performance of surgery while under the influence of alcohol or another substance that adversely affects mental functions. Another is the recommendation and performance of unnecessary surgery (where simpler treatments would have sufficed) for extra profit. For many doctors and nurses, committing ethical or unethical acts is partly a matter of conforming to their organization’s rules. Ethical dilemmas relate directly to the organizational effectiveness of the system of doctors and nurses who work together—participation in ethical and unethical acts has a direct bearing on the efficiency of this system. In the case of routine circumcision, for example, a doctor may choose to continue encouraging new parents to get their babies circumcised because it would mean extra profit, in spite of the misgivings of his fellow doctors. However, it is not only the â€Å"cooperative† aspect of ethical and unethical behavior that is significant. Even if all members of an organization agree to cooperate in unethical behavior, an awareness of the â€Å"unethicality† of their actions can leave a seriously negative impression on the organization’s members, which could adversely affect their performance and thus render the organization much less than optimally efficient. It would therefore be towards the benefit of an organization to abide by practices that are generally considered ethical.

Multi-cultural Teams & Their Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multi-cultural Teams & Their Leadership - Essay Example This paper aims to highlight the major issues that may hinder the success of such a team. Communication barriers are the first issue which may hinder the success of a multi-cultural team. The Swiss culture is said to have a bilingual culture where French, German, Romansh and Italian are said to be the official languages. However, the point of debate is the expertise of people in speaking and understanding all these languages. The Swiss culture, hence, lacks communication ease and conformity with all people in an organization or a group. Moreover, there are certain words like â€Å"achievement, commitment, common sense †¦management and skill† which lack corresponding vocabulary in German language. Thus, there is also a possibility of miscommunication and misunderstanding due to the language differences in a culturally diverse team. To overcome this barrier, the leaders and organizations may approach a language learning and training program for the workers. Moreover, the us e of soft facial expressions, appropriate tone of voice and continuous reminders of the important tasks may help in reducing the risks associated with the language and communication barrier (Adler 1997). Another problem which the multicultural group of workers can face is on reaching a common consensus. These people belong to different backgrounds and may have different perspectives on different issues. Thus everyone has his own views and they find it difficult to reach a conclusion on deciding upon certain things. These workers tend to be from a diverse background and disagree on many issues. Multicultural teams have to be managed properly so that they do not face difficulties when reaching this common consensus. These multicultural teams might be facing the problem of miscommunication and the manager should look after this. It is necessary that the manager helps the team to reach a common consensus by providing each and every worker with the necessary information about the other. The perspectives of the diverse workers are laid together so that every worker can understand it and follow the action plan. Members of a culturally diverse workforce tend to lack trust in each other than the members of a homogenous workforce. The reason for this is the diversity in the workforce that comes along with the people of different culture. The team in the superstore is related to all American, Swiss, Italian and German culture and the problem can start when one group of workers consider the other inferior. Lack of trust can occur when the Americans consider the people from other cultures to be inferior to them in terms of education and lifestyle. Similarly the people belonging to the Swiss culture would be more acquainted with the policies of the stores and hence might consider the other people inferior. It is here that the role of the manager comes into play to help them collaborate with each other. Trust can be reinforced if the managers provide the workers time to know each other. The workers should be made to work with each other so that they can get a grasp of each other’s culture. Halverson and Tirmizi (2008) put forward that trust is a major factor which helps the team members to define the role of each other. Hence it can be concluded that trust is a major factor which can help the multicultural workers to get together. Jealousy is also one of the problems that the workers in a multicultural force

Foreign Exchange Risk Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foreign Exchange Risk Analysis - Essay Example The policies in china resulted in a successful market economy and indigenous private sector. This resulted increase of foreign trade and inward investments. The high growth recorded in China regarding economic activity and manufacturing, prompted many companies to export to establish manufacturing units in China.1 The exchange rate in the international market is dominated by US dollar. The imbalance in the system can be considered as a reason for instability. The foreign exchange policy by any state should have a long term agenda to appreciate it along with the increasing exports, which is a difficult thing. As per now the USD is international currency and Euro and Yen are trying to replace it. For this purpose the currency should fulfill the classical money functions. This makes the countries like china to have US currency up to some extent and this leads to appreciation of that currency resulting in increasing the import costs. If any country wants to appreciate its currency, it must be accepted by lot of people and countries in the world. This increases demand for that particular currency and can be appreciated. 2 The reason for the change in the foreign economic relations and exchange of Yuan with other currencies is due to opening of its economy to the outer world. The private foreign capital was used to increase the economic development. As China absorbed the new capitals, the currency was being appreciated. The increase of manufacturing sector simultaneously provided the foreign exchange to china to import the requirements. As it followed the self reliance the imports are kept at a limitation and this resulted in appreciation of its currency over the international currencies. As a result 1USD can fetch only 7 Yuan and this is due to the acceptance of the Yuan by different countries like the members of ASEAN and other countries. The self reliance and control of imports also made Chinese currency appreciate gradually over USD in the course of time. As per Nike company is considered it can export its goods into china. One reason is that there are very less currencies like Yuan that are very close to the value of US. This makes the company to make more profit in China than the countries like India, which have 1USD = more than 40 Indian rupees. So, instead of exporting the products to the countries like in India, it is better to export to country like China for Nike. Though it results in decrease of foreign investment, this resulted in healthy competition and growth of economy. 3 From the hardened stand in 1949-50 the US policy has been liberalized from then on China. UK along with US favored China and both of them relied heavily on china. The policies of US and UK made china to implement the economic reforms. 4 After the end of China's Civil war both other parts of the world and China recognized the importance of China and the openness of the economies. After Europe, Britain considered the China to be important according to American influence. Out of its large investments in the world, the British and Americans have substantial investments in China. China, which was ranked below Hong Kong and Malays by US in the preferential treatment emerged as the front runner in the economic refo

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EED323 5 Authentic Assessment Paper - Essay Example It is, after all, not sufficient for most uses for the student to have memorized information but have no idea how to apply it. This is especially important in most sciences, since information is useless until it is applies to a real world problem. Therefore, in order to fulfill the need for authentic assessment in science teaching, students must demonstrate that they have identified and retained correct information and be able to use correct procedures to apply that information to the resolution of real world problems. Authentic assessment is a form of assessment in which students perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills. Or, as Grant Wiggins (1993) describes it, authentic measures are â€Å"engaging and worthy problems or questions of importance, in which students must use knowledge to fashion performances effectively and creatively. (Mueller, Jon 2005) Students must â€Å"interact with the physical world – drop objects, observe butterfly larvae, measure length and speed, plant seeds and watch the seedlings sprout, build electric circuits and test them – and they must participate in the world of ideas – design experiments, test theories, hypothesize, predict, discuss, and argue† (Hein & Price, 1994, p. 12). Step three is where the actual method of assessment is created. For example, the teacher might assess students by having them participate in a group discussion of a problem, either in front of the class or just of the teacher. A rubric to identify the various components for solving the problem could be used to grade each participant. For example: This is a very simple example. The teacher can expand upon this as needed. An example of how this could be used would be to ask the students to resolve this problem: How do you measure quarts of liquid using only one five quart bottle and one three quart bottle. (Any interesting combination of measures could be used for this.) They need to

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective Essay - 1

Why do some protest groups use violence in the context of collective action - Essay Example Social change may render certain social groups to flourish or become powerful, and politically relevant; nevertheless, the availability of political opportunities does not automatically and immediately yield to heightened protest (Tarrow 1998, p.16). Collective action mainly focuses wholly on the behaviour and/or the authenticity of certain individuals. Collective identity draws from the recognition and the establishment of connectedness, which heralds a sense of common purpose and commitment to a certain cause. Social protests performances mainly emerge from marginalized peoples and oppositional struggles, whereby individuals utilize protests to counter hegemonic strategic via which underrepresented groups challenge the dominant social order and source of change. The representational apparatus provided by social protests serves to reinforce, re-articulate, and re-imagine the objectives of both social and political resistance (Oliver 1993, p.271). Traditional explanations to why indi viduals engage in political violence emphasize that deprivation, characteristically in the form of economic inequality generates grievances and discontent that trigger rebellion and social revolution (McCarthy and Zald 1977, p.1212). The paper explores why some protest groups utilize violence within the context of collective action. Background The contentious politics that were prominent in the 1960s and early 1970s heralded fresh energy to a subject that, for an extended period, has dominated scholarly and political legitimacy. In the 1970s, two prominent paradigms emerged from the welter of studies triggered by the disorderly politics of the 1960s, namely: the resource mobilization (RM) approach to social movement organizations within the US and the new social movement (NSM) approach within Western Europe (Thompson 1971, p.76). Historically, breakdown theory was the dominant theory that guided sociological study of collective action; nevertheless, this theory as deemed to be incre asingly incapable of accounting for the contemporaneous events (Useem 1998, p.215; Aminzade et al. 2001, p.12). Resource mobilization theory replaced breakdown theory as the dominant paradigm. Both resource mobilization and breakdown theories explain diverse forms of phenomena, and both are pertinent in helping account for the full range of forms of collective action (Goodwin and Jasper 2009, p.10). Use of Violence in the Context of Collective Action Collective action represents actions by group members directed at enhancing the conditions of the group as a unit such as petitions, demonstrations, riots, boycotts, and sit-ins. There are numerous explanations to collective action such as relative deprivation, intergroup, social identity, intergroup emotion, and resource mobilization theories. Classical theories indicate that people mostly protests to express their grievances emanating from frustration, relative deprivation, or perceived injustice. Scholars of social movements have hig hlighted that efficacy, opportunities, and resources can be utilized to predict protest participation (Tilly 2008, p.8). Politics within networks enhance efficacy and transform individual grievances into shared grievances and group-based anger that yields protest participation. At the heart of social movement phenomena is the protest event, whereby protest events are in numerous ways the front line of action within social movements. It is essential to recognize that social protests represent a collective action that is not synonymous with collective behaviours such as riots. Collection

Strategic management in an international context Q3 and 4 Case Study

Strategic management in an international context Q3 and 4 - Case Study Example The management strategized the Cooperation’s plans to fit the internal and external business environment, and its internal coherence without facing any challenge or influencing its operation negatively (Schultz & Gordon 2011, p27). Some of the issues surrounding Starbucks Corporation business environment includes competition, clients and suppliers, improvements in technology, market, laws and government, social and economic trends. Starbucks first strategy majored in competition. Outside the American boundary, Starbucks faced various competitive situations in every country it carried operations. On many occasions, competition was even more intense than in America. The withdrawal of Starbucks from Australia was an effect of a highly sophisticated coffee market developed and dominated by the Middle Eastern immigrants, Italians, and South Europeans. Throughout continental Europe, Starbucks had to face well-developed markets with excellent standards of coffee preparations and strong preferences. In addition to competition from the bottom, Starbuck faced competition from the top. For instance, the up market Italian coffee roaster illycafe was growing and expanding in America through Franchise arrangement with independent coffee houses. A good justification for the American gourmet coffee market was that immediately Starbucks had educated North America about happiness of good coffee, the new coffee connoisseurs move d on to seek superior alternatives to Starbucks. Therefore, Starbucks initiated various strategies to fit or overcome the competition. Starbuck joined single-served coffee pod systems pioneered by Nespresso subsidiary by launching its single serve, home coffee makers under its Verismo brand (Schultz & Gordon 2011, p. 221). Starbuck also reduced the prices of coffee, which increased sales. Therefore, they gained several customers; hence, more retained earnings and benefits. The next strategy of Starbucks is to fit in the social and economic trend.

Switched at Birth and Kinship Implications Essay - 140

Switched at Birth and Kinship Implications - Essay Example Mary and Norbert Miller were given the biological daughter of Sue and Kay McDonald and vice versa. This paper explores kinship implications of the switch, on the daughters, Sue McDonald and Marti Miller, as well as, the rest of the family unit. After learning about the exchange at the age of 43 years, Sue McDonald, the Millers’ biological daughter, and Marti Miller, the McDonalds’ biological daughter, got to speculate on their relations with both the adoptive and biological families. When Sue got to meet her biological parents, she noted that they were as eager as she was to know her and embrace her as part of the family. However, despite her admiration of the big family she always wanted to be a part of, she could not right away establish a relationship with them, although this has gradually happened over time. She remains close to her adoptive parents than her biological ones and although she is different from the adoptive family by being tall, skinny, and studious, K ay and Sue McDonald remain immensely close to her. However, Sue describes her relationship with her adoptive brother, Bob, as strained, since they did not have anything in common. The rift between them became even larger when Marti came into the picture, because they share a natural social ease, among other attributes (Chicago Public Media and Glass, n.pg). Marti Miller’s case also takes a path almost similar to that of Sue McDonald. She grew up as the sixth born child, in a family of seven children, and stood out from the rest. While all the Miller kids were serious and bookish, she was the jovial one, who engaged in numerous social activities at school including cheerleading. As she speculates on her upbringing as a Miller, she indicates that she was not that close to her adoptive mother, but had a cordial relationship with the parents just like the other kids in the family.  

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay Example for Free

MRF Madras Rubber Factory Essay Solutions and Services Implementation Highlights Time-frame: 9 months, strict adherence to time-schedules Top Managements support Highly dedicated team Comprehensive change management SAP ERP success story MRF Limited MRF Limited is engaged in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of an extensive ange of superior quality tyres for various kinds of vehicles. The companys operations relate to manufacture of rubber products, such as tyres, of applications. MRF has six production facilities in India and around 80 sales offices. From its humble origins in 1946, the company has come a long way to become the market leader in the tyre manufacturing industry. MRF exports its products to over 75 countries worldwide. Today, global tyre manufacturers have to plan and adapt to changes in customer demand, fluctuations in raw material prices and availability, while keeping pace with timelines for shipments; in the face of increasing ompetition in the global marketplace. The Need for SAP Before becoming an SAP customer, MRF was running several outmoded legacy systems that could no longer keep up with the companys expanding operations, and, as a result, the company was plagued with inefficiency. Problems of slow availability of information, tedious manual entry and data transfer, lack of system flexibility, excess manpower utilization and costs started to have a negative impact on the business. Consequently, the company was spending a lot of time in consolidating the information, getting the data together, and on time. It did not take long for MRF to know that it had to replace its nonintegrated, independent systems if it wanted to gain strategic insight and higher productivity to manage rapid business growth. The company wanted a flexible solution to allow IT to keep pace with changes while offering a low total cost of ownership. MRF decided to reengineer its entire IT landscape by implementing SAP ERP and SAP CRM solutions, based on the SAP NetWeaver platform. A Core Team called the Power Users team was formed to determine the requirements of the company and the selection of a suitable ERP olution. MRF brought in IBM Global to facilitate the process and the Core Team was sensitized to the process of reengineering. The company did a detailed evaluation based on various criteria such as experience in the manufacturing sector and product-offerings; Oracle and SAP were short listed. MRF participated in a SAP summit which helped the company to take the final decision. SAP came out on top in terms of product superiority, post-sales support, and record customer satisfaction. We were confident that SAP will support our plans for continued growth, says Prince Azariah, Chief Information Officer, MRF Limited. SAP offered a clear solution for MRFs manufacturing operations which include process as well as discrete production. We have moved onto a mature product with SAP. We have made a very good decision in selecting SAP, adds Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services. Implementation MRF chose Siemens Information Systems as the implementation partner after a thorough selection process. The project went live on December 1, 2007. There were around 60 members from MRF and 35-40 members from Siemens involved in the implementation process. The core team nd the partners team worked in full collaboration, while ensuring that the implementation was carried out according to time schedules. One of the complications was that our systems were in silos. Change management has been a big challenge, says Gautham. There were many instances when MRF looked to SAP India and SAP Labs for assistance and support during the implementation. SAP ERP has been implemented at the companys Head Office in Chennai, 6 factories in Sales Offices. MRF went in for all core modules including Financials and Controlling (FICO), Sales ; Distribution (SD), Materials Management (MM), Production Planning PP), Quality Management (QM), Plant Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR), and SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (SAP NetWeaver 81). Today, there are around 700 users who have accepted the implementation in a positive manner. Benefits With SAP ERP, the company has one harmonized, standardized and integrated solution. The solution has enabled MRF to transform its business operation management from time consuming and inflexible to real-time and adaptable. The users can now count on easy access to accurate, complete, and up-to-the minute information, thanks to entralized, integrated data. This has led to quicker decision making and improved business transactions for MRF. SAP is the best thing that has happened to MRF, Sathya Gautham, Manager IT Services The implementation of SAP has brought in a major shift in the work-culture in the company. The core team was clearly aware that they are responsible for creating their future. Earlier, we were a top-driven company. Now, we have close to 60 personnel at the middle management level who have been empowered to take business decisions, and who are advising top management on what needs to be done o set up processes in the company. There is so much of enthusiasm among the core team members and the end-users. Also, we used to be a very silo-ed company. With SAP, the Heads of different Departments look to these people for resolution of problems.

Climate Change and Trade Issues

Climate Change and Trade Issues TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE *Dr. Navdeep Kaur There has been an enormous expansion in world trade which has been made possible by technological advancements which have dramatically reduced the cost of transportation and communications, and by the adoption of more open trade and investment policies. The number of countries participating in international trade has increased :developing countries, for instance, now account for 34 per cent of merchandise trade – about double their share in early 1960s. Trade can increase GDP in a number of ways – for example by improving resource allocation through specialization according to comparative advantage or by allowing economies of scale in production to be exploited. Open economies also grow faster because trade fosters investment, innovation and institutional reform. However, development goes beyond higher GDP per capita. Other important indicators are Human Development Indices (HDIs) i.e life expectancy, infant mortality, nutrition, literacy, employment etc, Some of these factors are summarized in HDIs are positively correlated with GDP growth. But no clear picture emerges of the impact of growth on other dimension of development such as income inequality and environmental performance. Various environmental indicators ranging from greenhouse emissions to deforestation can be summarized by an Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which in turn can be compared to income growth .In the last decade, there has been a positive relationship between growth and environmental quality. This suggests that countries with rising income were able to pay more to preserve the environment. To the extent that trade and other policies can promote economic growth, they may indirectly help to improve natural environment. However, empirical evidence has to date produced mixed results on this question (World Trade Report, 2014). EPI is based on 22 indicators of environmental health and ecosystem viability including pollution, access to clean drinking water, sulphur dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, agriculture subsidies and critical habitat protection. Higher values of the index represent better environmental quality. Among the fast growing developing economies, some have improved their EPI performance while others have seen deterioration. There is a positive relationship between the EPI and per capita income. This suggests that countries with higher incomes are better able to pay for preserving their environment (World Trade Report, 2014). Environmental economies refer to the â€Å"Environmental Kuznets Curve† (EKC) to identify  correlation between per capita income and environmental degradation. The hypothesis is that  environmental quality degrades at the early stages of development while beyond a certain  income level, environmental quality improves (Grossman and Krueger, 1993). Pollution  increases as an economy industrialize and moves from agriculture to manufacturing (a pollution  intensive sector). Then, as the country GDP per capita increases, environmental quality improves  despite the increase in economic activity (scale effect). This is for several reasons- First, as an  economy develops the composition of production changes. Production tends to move away from natural resource intensive goods to services. Secondly, changes in consumption and growing  preference for environmentally friendly emerge at higher levels of income. Thirdly, as the  country’s level of development incre ases, the quality of institution improves, as does a country’s  capacity to enforce regulatory measures to address environmental problems. Finally a higher  GDP per capita also enhances the possibility to exploit economies of scale associated with  pollution abatement technologies (Technique Effect). Trade is an important factor affecting the relationship between growth and environment. First, opening up the trade increases the availability and lower the cost of environmental friendly technologies, secondly the greater demand by the public especially in more advanced economies – for cleaner environment also provides an incentive to adopt cleaner technologies. For example it has been argued that multinational enterprises, due to concerns about their reputation and economies of scale, may require more stringent environmental measures from their subsidiaries than that required by the host country (Abornoz et. al, 2009). Thirdly assuming no changes in scale of an economic activity and production method, trade opening may reduce domestic pollution in the country that specialize in clean sectors. Specialization in a pollution intensive sector, however worsens environmental quality if the country does not improve its environmentally friendly technologies. In the light of above observations, the objective of this paper is to study the impact of climate change on trade and various issues related to WTO and environment. This paper is divided into three sections. In Section I, the impact of climate change on trade and mitigation and adaptation measures are discussed. In Section II , WTO and environment measures are discussed, and in Section III, concluding remarks are made. Section-I The impact of climate change is specific to location and to the level of development, but most sectors of global economy are expected to be affected and these impact will have implications for trade .The three trade related areas which are considered vulnerable to climate change are(WTO-UNEP,2009): 1. Agriculture: It is considered to be the key sector in international trade, which is highly vulnerable to climate change. In low-latitude regions, where most developing countries are located, reductions of about 5 to 10 per cent in the yields of major cereal crops are projected even in the case of small temperature increases of around 1degree centigrade .Although it is expected that local temperature increases of between 1-3 degree centigrade would have beneficial impacts on agriculture outputs in mid –latitude regions, warming beyond this range will most likely result in increasingly negative impacts for these regions also. According to some studies, crop yields in some African countries could fall by up to 50 per cent by 2020,with net revenues from crops falling by as much as 90 per cent by 2100. Depending over the location, agriculture will also be prone to water scarcity due to loss of glacial meltwater and reduced rainfall or droughts. 2. Tourism: It is another industry that may be particularly vulnerable to climate change, for example, through changes in snow cover, coastal degradation and extreme weather. Both fisheries and forestry sectors also risk being adversely impacted by climate change. Likewise, there are expected to be major impact on coastal ecosystems, including of the disappearance of coral and the loss of marine biodiversity. 3. Trade infrastructure and shipping routes: The IPCC has identified port facilities, as well as buildings, roads, railways, airports and bridges, as being dangerously at risk of damage from rising sea levels and the increased occurrence of instances of extreme weather, such as flooding and hurricanes. Moreover, it is projected that changes in sea ice, particularly in the Arctic, will lead to the availability of new shipping routes. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: There is a need for increased efforts focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation refers to policies and options aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions or at enhancing the â€Å"sinks†(such as oceans or forests) which absorb carbon or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Adaptation, on the hand, refers to responses to diminish the negative impacts of climate change or to exploit its potential benefits. Mitigation includes using energy more efficiently in transport, buildings and industry, switching to zero or low carbon energy technologies ,reducing deforestation and improving land and farming management practices ,improving waste management. The potential for adaptation depends on the â€Å"adaptive capacity† or the ability of people or ecological systems to respond successfully to climate variability and change. Adaptation measures are undertaken as part of larger sectoral and national initiatives related to, for example, infrastructure construction (dykes, sea walls, harbours, railways, etc.), building design and structure, and and research into development and deployment of drought-resistant crops.The cost of these technologies and of other activities may be considerable but the benefits of adaptation will outweigh the costs. Technological innovation ,as well as the transfer and widespread implementation of technologies, will be central to global efforts to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. International transfer of technologies may be broadly be understood as involving two aspects. One concerns the transfer of technologies which are physically embodied in tangible assets or capital goods, such as industrial plant and equipment, machinery, components, and devices. Another aspect of technology transfer relates to the intangible knowledge and information associated with the technology or technological system in question. Since it is predominately private companies that retain ownership of various technologies, it is relevant to identify ways within the private sector, such as foreign direct investment, licence or royalty agreements and different forms of cooperation arrangements, which can facilitate technology transfer. Moreover, bilateral and multilateral technical assistance programmes ca n play a key role in technology transfer. A continuing debate within political discussions and among academia has been whether the protection of intellectual property rights – such as copyrights, patents or trade secrets- impedes or facilitates the transfer of technologies to developing countries .One key rationale for protection of intellectual property rights, and in particular patents, is to encourage innovation: patent protection ensures that innovators can reap the benefits and recoup the costs of their RD investments. On the other hand, it has been argued that ,in some cases, stronger protection of intellectual property rights might act as an impediment to the acquisition of new technologies and innovations in developing countries. While strong patent laws provide the legal security for technology-related transactions to occur, firms in developing countries may not have the necessary financial means to purchase expensive patented technologies. The importance of intellectual property rights needs to be set in a r elevant context. In fact, many of the technologies which are relevant to addressing climate change, such as better energy management or building insulation, may not be protected by patents or other intellectual property rights. Section-II WTO Trade and Environment Negotiations In the Marraakesh Agreement establishing the WTO, members highlighted a clear link between sustainable development and trade opening – in order to ensure that market opening goes hand in hand with environmental and social objectives. In the Doha Round of negotiations, member nations went further to pursue a sustainable development path and launched first multilateral trade and environment negotiations. One issue addressed in Doha round was the relationship between the WTO and multilateral environment agreements (MEA), such as the UNFCCC. In this area of negotiations, WTO members have focused on opportunities for further strengthening cooperation between WTO and MEA secretariats, as well as promoting coherence and mutual supportiveness between the international trade and environment regimes.(WTO-UNEP,2009) In Doha round, the member nations focused on environmental goods and services for liberalization. The negotiations called for â€Å" the reduction, or as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non- barriers to environmental goods and services†. The objective was to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Climate- friendly technologies can be employed to mitigate and adapt to climate change in diverse sectors. Many of these technologies involve products discussed in the Doha negotiations, such as wind and hydropower turbines, solar water heaters, photovoltaic cells, tanks for production of biogas, and landfill liners for methane collection. In this context, the WTO environmental goods and services negotiations have a role to play in improving access to climate friendly goods and technologies. There are two key rationales for reducing tariff and other trade distorting measures in climate-friendly goods and technologies. First, reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in these types of products should reduce their price and therefore facilitate their deployment. The access to lower cost and more efficient technologies may be particularly important for industries that must comply with climate change mitigation policies. Second, liberalization of trade in climate -friendly goods could provide incentives and domestic expertise for producers to expand the production and export of these goods. Trade in climate-friendly goods has seen a considerable increase in the past few years, including exports from a number of developing countries. Section-III CONCLUSION In this paper attempt was made to highlight various issues relating to climate change and trade. Climate change has affected many trade related areas i.e. agriculture, tourism, trade infrastructure and shipping routes. To counter the adverse affects of climate change efforts are being made by the nations. Several Climate change mitigation and Adaptation measures are being taken. WTO has also focused on sustainable development and trade. It has called for the reduction and elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services and also to improve access to more efficient, diverse and less expensive environmental goods on global market, including goods and services that contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. References Grossman,G.M. and Kruegar,A.B (1993). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. in Garber,P.M(ed),The US-Mexico free trade agreement, Cambridge, MA:MIT press. World Bank.(2007).International trade and climate change – Economic, Legal, and Instituitional perspectives World Trade Organisation.(2009).Trade and climate change-WTO-UNEP Report. Albornoz, F.,Cole, M.A, Elliot, R.J.R and Ercolani, M.G.(2009). In search of environmental spillovers. The World Economy.32. UNCTAD.(2013). Trade and environment review. WTO (2014) World Trade Report . 1

Early Childhood Mathematics Teaching

Early Childhood Mathematics Teaching Mathematics is one subject that unleashes deep-seated memories for many people. Most of these memories include the learning of mathematical concepts and skills. Such learning may either be fulfilling or frustrating for learners, as Math covers a wide variety of degrees of difficulty. That is why an effective Math teacher can have so much influence over students in learning and even loving the subject. An effective Math teacher should be able to model to her students her enthusiasm for the discipline that she takes teaching it seriously while according due respect to her learners who may not exhibit the same level of competencies for the subject. Preschool is a time when children may first encounter mathematical lessons, however, much recent research has indicated that preschool children have the ability to understand a variety of mathematical concepts even prior to entering kindergarten (Klein, Stakey, Clements, Sarama, Lyer, 2008; Clement Sarama, 2007). That is why early childhood programs are increasingly required to implement mathematics instruction in classrooms because of young childrens early mathematical knowledge. Development of early math skills provides the foundation for later learning (Clements Sarama, 2008; NAEYC NCTM, 2008; Lee Ginsburg, 2008). According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, the quality of mathematical education in early childhood plays an important part in the childs understanding of possibly difficult math concepts (Loop, 2009). Although there had been many studies pertaining to patterns of mathematical teaching in preschool, there is a lack of research on how teachers of Math perceive how young children learn Math and even what to teach in accordance to the developmental level of their learners. This current study draws much inspiration and idea from the work of Platas (2008) entitled Measuring Teachers Knowledge of Early Mathematical Development and their Beliefs about Mathematics Teaching and Learning in the Preschool Classroom. Platas was able to measure the knowledge of early mathematical development and beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning in the preschool classroom of preschool teachers using developed and validated survey instruments and statistical analysis (2008). There was a significant variation in the knowledge and beliefs of early childhood teachers on age-appropriateness of math instruction, classroom locus of generation of mathematical knowledge, math versus socio-emotional development and the comfort level in providing the instruction. The instrument used in the research has been found to be helpful for the preparation of prospective Math teachers as well as for the professional development of current Math educators. Platas work has raised many issues and beliefs regarding the developmental knowledge of preschoolers. Such issues include age-appropriateness of mathematical instruction used by teachers in preschools, the extent of learning of such mathematical concepts taught, the purpose of teaching math concepts in preschool and the comfort level of teachers when they introduce such math concepts to preschool children (Clement Sarama, 2007; Ginsburg Golbeck, 2004; Platas, 2008). DEFINITION OF TERMS: Belief covers all the matters of which we have no sure knowledge and yet  which we are sufficiently confident of to act upon and also the matters that we  now accept as certainly true, as knowledge, but which nevertheless may be  questioned in the future (Dewey, 1933, p. 6). early mathematical development the increasingly complex mathematical constructions and goals that young children develop and pursue in their activities (Platas, 2008, p.3). In-service preschool teachers teachers who are currently teaching in the  preschool level of education. Pre-service preschool teachers aspiring teachers of early childhood education  who are qualified to teach but have not yet gained any teaching experience. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Many national and state organizations have provided teachers with guidelines to help improve mathematics instruction for young children. Forty-six states have comprehensive learning standards for preschool children (Barett et al., 2008). Furthermore, national organizations such as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) have developed specific recommendations related to high quality mathematics instruction in the early childhood classroom (NAEYC NCTM, 2006). As the NCTM and NAEYC proclaimed, importance in the learning and development of mathematical skills and knowledge is important in building the foundation of mathematical development of preschool children. However, some early learning programs do not focus on high quality mathematics instruction despite research supporting early mathematics experiences influencing mathematical outcomes later in school and promoting school readiness skills in mathe matics (Lopez, Gallimore, Garnier, Reese, 2007; Slaby, Loucks, Stelwagon, 2005). Other remarkable studies showed that there are many activities involved in teaching mathematics to young children and this would involve knowledge about the subject matter, pedagogical content knowledge, lecturing, introduction of symbolism, and connecting everyday experience to abstract ideas (Ginsburg Amit, 2008). This would imply the need to effectively train teachers of early mathematics. There are many significant studies in line with early childhood education but little information is revealed about the teaching of early mathematics (Ginsburg Amit, 2008). This gap in research in mathematics education calls for the need to be filled especially in the area of teachers knowledge development and beliefs in teaching math in preschool. The only remarkable research in the area of teachers knowledge on preschool mathematical development is that of Platas (2008). Platas suggested in her recommendations, further study is still needed in the area taking into consideration a larger sample size and other necessary adjustments (2008). The need for preschool children to be provided with high quality early childhood programs calls for competent educators in general. Specific to this study, competent math teachers concerned with the development of mathematical ability of preschoolers are the qualifications demanded. It is in this regard that early childhood educators in mathematics should create the basic foundation required in the education system. This can significantly create meaningful understanding on how pre-service teachers and in-service teachers in early childhood education for mathematics should handle and evaluate their teaching abilities and methods. However, it remains uncertain whether pre-service teachers and in-service teachers in early childhood education for mathematics have significantly the same knowledge of mathematical development and belief. Thus, it is important to evaluate their knowledge of development and belief about it so as to come up with a clear justification if there is a need to align their level of skills, knowledge and beliefs if necessary. Even though Platas (2008) was able to compare early childhood teachers based on their knowledge of early mathematical development and beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning in the preschool classroom, there was no comparison done between pre-service and in-service preschool teachers in this regard. The researcher believes that this research gap needs to be filled since future and current teachers knowledge and beliefs will inevitably create an impact in young childrens mathematical knowledge development. It would be interesting to determine if experience in teaching of in-service teachers have affected their knowledge and beliefs on mathematical knowledge development and beliefs or if they remain the same as their pre-service counterparts. Hence this study will analyze and review in-service teachers and pre-service preschool teachers understanding on mathematical knowledge development and beliefs PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the mathematical development and beliefs in preschool learning between in-service preschool teachers and pre-service preschool teachers. The comparison will gauge the need to enhance the teachers knowledge of mathematical development and beliefs in early childhood education. Further development of these teachers adeptness in mathematical knowledge as well as fine tuning their beliefs will be done in the backdrop of the literature in preschool math development. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The researcher will compare and evaluate in-service teachers and pre-service preschool teachers knowledge and beliefs of mathematical development and teaching. In order to find significant results for this, the researcher will try to answer the main research question at of the study: To what extent, if any, is there a difference between In-service teachers and pre- service preschool teachers with regard to their knowledge and beliefs of how to teach mathematics to preschool children? Specifically, the following sub-questions will be answered at the end of the study: What do the teachers think are the necessary concepts and skills preschoolers  need to learn in the area of math? What teaching methods do the teachers think are effective in teaching these mathematical concepts and skills? What are their beliefs regarding teaching math? HYPOTHESIS It is hypothesized that there are significant differences between the beliefs of in-service and pre-service preschool teachers on the basis of experience. Those who have experiences in the teaching mathematics will have a different perspective basing from their own experiences compared to those who have limited or no experience in teaching mathematics to preschool children. It is also hypothesized that there are significant differences in the knowledge of mathematical development between in-service and pre-service preschool teachers. REVIEW OF LITERATURE What Preschool Math Entails The study of Math incorporates the processes of questioning, reflecting, reasoning and proof. It is a powerful tool for solving familiar and unfamiliar problems both within and beyond mathematics. As such, it is integral to scientific and technological advances in many fields of endeavor (Brewer, 2001). The inclusion of Mathematics in the curriculum is aimed at developing students mathematical thinking, understanding, competence and confidence in the application of mathematics, their own creativity, enjoyment and appreciation of the subject and their engagement in lifelong learning (Board of Studies New South Wales, 2002) Apart from the skills developed from the study of Math, values and attitudes are likewise emphasized. Students get to appreciate mathematics as an essential and relevant part of life. They show interest and enjoyment in inquiry and the pursuit of mathematical knowledge, skills and understanding. Children demonstrate confidence in applying mathematical knowledge, skills and understanding to everyday situations and the solution of everyday problems. Math also aims to develop and demonstrate perseverance in undertaking mathematical challenges. Students recognise that mathematics has been developed in many cultures in response to human needs (Board of Studies New South Wales, 2002). The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000) identified high quality mathematics programs for early childhood as having the following characteristics: (Brewer, 2001, pp. 319-320) They build upon and extend childrens intuitive and informal mathematics knowledge They are grounded in knowledge of child development They provide environments that encourage children to be active learners, eager for new challenges They develop a strong conceptual framework that provides the foundation for skills acquisition They nurture and develop childrens inclination to solve problems. Math Teaching Strategies in Preschool Children learn much on their own. However, the question of whether certain math concepts should be deliberately taught by the teacher or just be freely learned by children through play is another issue in math learning (Clement Sarama, 2007; Ginsburg Golbeck, 2004; Platas, 2008). Shaftel, Pass and Schnabel (2005) agree that children are more motivated to learn even difficult lessons in Math or other subjects through instructional games and simulations rather than traditional classroom instruction. Games have been found to result in improved content retention over time, possibly because of the opportunity for more participation. Math games improved on-task behavior and achievement even for students with mild intellectual disabilities (Beattie Algozzine, 1982). What motivates children with math games is that it allows them many opportunities to reinforce current knowledge and to try out other strategies or techniques without fear of getting the wrong answer. Trial and error is always encouraged, making them more confident in taking risks (Shaftel, Pass and Schnabel, 2005). Math games provide students with an environment for experiencing incorrect answers not as mistakes but as necessary steps towards connecting pieces of knowledge together (Holton et al, 2001; Quinn et al, 1992). Practical games such as those involving knowledge about money should be tied to real-life experiences if mathematical learning is to be optimized. Simulations develop metacognitive skills for analyzing and organizing data, checking responses, justifying solutions to problems and applying mathematical knowledge to daily activities (Hopkins and Dorsey, 1992). Issues of Teachers Teaching Math in Preschool This study is also concerned about the commitment of teachers in teaching math to young children (OConnor, 2010).. It is essential to investigate if they know the value of teaching math concepts to preschoolers at a very young age, which math concepts to teach and if it is worth teaching such concepts. It would also be interesting to know how comfortable these teachers are in teaching Mathematics and what are their attitudes and insights towards it. Teachers derive their behaviors, attitudes and ethics from their own personal and professional philosophies on teaching. Gore (1997) analyzes how such a philosophy leads to ones development of a pedagogical approach. A school having its own philosophy should have their teachers who hold the same beliefs. Alignment of their philosophy is essential for harmony. Gore (1997) claims that systematic and disciplined observations of pedagogy are necessary in order to clarify and perhaps compromise on the philosophy everyone must believe in and live by. This implies that a teachers perception of teaching a particular subject such as Math reflects her own and the schools philosophy regarding the subject. Many researchers have been intensively studying young childrens mathematical development and have come to understand the developmental progression of childrens mathematical understanding (Baroody, A. J., Lai, M.-L., Mix, K.S, 2006; Clement Sarama 2007; Seo Ginsburg, 2004). In order to support early mathematical development in young children, researchers recommend that teachers (a) develop a deep understanding of the mathematical content and concepts (Baroody, et al., 2006); (b) develop an understanding of young childrens mathematical development, including the ability to take into consideration the prior knowledge of the child (Baroody et al., 2006; Clement, 2001 Clement Sarama 2007); and (c) be fluent in the classroom pedagogy that supports and fosters such development including a knowledge of useful representations and strategies and common misconceptions and errors (Baroody, et al., 2006; Seo Ginsburg, 2004). By increasing teachers knowledge and understanding of mathematical knowledge development, it is expected that children will also learn better and a more productive classroom atmosphere is will be created. Therefore, it is important for teachers to know how to support childrens mathematical development in the preschool classroom in order to develop effective and appropriate classroom instruction. Teachers also need to understand how children learn mathematical knowledge as well as assessing their understanding, and monitoring their progress. Apart from the information yielded by Platas (2008) work, the literature point out that preschool teachers need to have a specific level of competency in their teaching which can be measured through their knowledge and beliefs. It was found that kindergarten teachers different training experiences and school contexts have significant impacts on childrens readiness for school (Lin, Lawrence, Gorrell, 2008). This implies that the level of knowledge and beliefs of preschool teachers have been significantly influenced by their training experiences and level of education received. Preschool teachers have different views on early childhood education with some of them thinking the programs in their schools may either be too advanced or too basic. Teachers preparation for cultural diversity in preschool is important prior to creating a welcoming learning environment (Hughes, Kwok, 2007). Skills and knowledge of teachers are important considerations especially on the basic education level. Teachers gestures and utterances were found to have a significant role in childrens learning (Klerfelt, 2007, Valenzeno, Alibali, Klatzky, 2003). In preschool education, high quality teacher-child relationships are expected. Knowing how to establish such good relationships with young children implies that the preschool teacher must have substantial knowledge on relationship building in early childhood education programs (OConnor, 2010). This also suggests that the teacher is effective and knows how to infuse fun in learning. Preschool teachers must have adequate knowledge and strong beliefs in a particular subject area they are tasked to teach. They should have knowledge of useful representations and strategies and common misconception errors when it comes to mathematical development in young children in particular (Broody et al., 2006). A Development model that coincides with theory and research is needed to create the building blocks for early childhood mathematics (Sarama, Clements, 2004). On the other hand, a teachers belief is hard to measure but it proves a reliable measure of teachers experiences and actions (Muis, Bendixen, Haerle, 2006). For example, a teacher may believe that young children are capable of understanding quantities because she herself has been successful in teaching a preschooler the concept of quantities, of which set has more objects and which set has less. Thus, knowledge and beliefs of teachers are requirements for mathematical development in early childhood education. Education and specialized training of preschool teachers are associated with young childrens learning and development (Barnett, 2004). Evaluation of the impact of Early Childhood Education teacher preparation programs and professional development conclude that benefits of high-quality preschool education can only be achieved if teachers are professionally prepared and well-compensated (Barnett, 2004). Research shows that a well-prepared early childhood education teacher brings a warm, safe and conducive environment for learning (NAEYC, 2006). Perceptions of teacher on student-teacher quality and of childrens academic abilities proved to influence academic competence among students (Hughes, Gleason, Zhang, 2005). In addition, it is important to focus on quality of room practices, child characteristics, teachers perceptions of school-related climates and teachers perceptions of workload stress (Mantzicopoulos, 2005). It was found that the amount of teachers math-related teaching was highly associated to childrens mathematical knowledge (Klibanoff, Levine, Huttenlocher, Vasilyeva, Hedges, 2006). The attitudes of preschool teachers on early m athematics do not change as they acquired knowledge of preschool teachers (Alinsinanoglu, Guven, Kesicioglu, 2009). Teachers elementary education credentials, years of education and years of experience have complex impact to childrens learning (Connor, Son, Hundman, Morrison, 2005). All of these issues can essentially be addressed by studying further within the context, knowledge and ability of early educators for early childhood education. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study takes on Platas suggestion that more research should be done in terms of investigating preschool teachers knowledge and beliefs regarding the developmental mathematical knowledge of preschool children. In compliance with the standards of NCTM for high quality math programs, evaluation of teachers competencies should be done to ensure the quality of teaching in early childhood programs. This studys significance lies in ensuring that teachers are adequately skilled and emotionally ready to teach mathematical concepts in the preschool level. In addition, this study is a contribution to the growing body of knowledge of early childhood education. Furthermore, new information may be derived from concerned participants in this research such as fresh ideas coming from the perspective of in-service and pre-service teachers that could be helpful in improving ones performance in their jobs. Thus, the importance of pursuing this trend of thinking will highly benefit teachers in early childhood education. In particular, there is a need to publish studies such this in order to provide support and enhancement of skills to new teachers in the field. It is important to study perceptions of early childhood educators because they play a significant role in young childrens learning and development of knowledge and skills (Chien, Hui, 2010). This study will help not only teachers to better understand the learning process involved in order to maximize mathematical knowledge development of young children. It is also helpful in building a better mathematical foundation for young children. OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY Instruments to be used for this study are the instruments developed by Platas (2008) namely the Knowledge of Mathematical Development (KMD) Survey and the Beliefs survey. A demographic questionnaire gathering information about the respondents will also be distributed. The Knowledge of Mathematical Development Survey (Platas) is a set of 20 multiple-choice questions that tests teachers knowledge and development in the area of verbal counting sequence, counting, ordinal number of words, addition/subtraction, divisions of sets, written number symbols and words. In each number, the teacher-respondents are to choose which of two math skills children are likely to learn first. If the respondents think that both choices are easily learned by a child, then the choice of same may be picked. However if the respondent does not know which skill is easier for a child to learn, he or she can choose the option do not know. The Beliefs Survey is a set of 40 beliefs about Math teaching and learning. It has a 5-pt. Likert scale with responses that range from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. The belief survey will evaluate the teachers perspective about 4 areas: (1) age appropriateness of mathematics instruction in the early childhood classroom, (2) locus of Generation of Mathematical Knowledge, (3) Social and Emotional vs. Mathematical Development as Primary Goal of Preschool and (4) Teacher comfort in mathematics instruction. The participants involved in the study will be comprised of 200 in-service teachers and 100 pre-service teachers that will be chosen in random. Results will be analyzed using ANOVA as well as correlation analysis. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study will be limited to exploring the knowledge development and beliefs of pre-service and in-service preschool teachers regarding math. It will not evaluate on any other subject area. It is important to note that in terms of experience, the pre-service teachers will have no teaching experience whereas with the in-service teachers experience may range from a few months to about 20 years, depending on the sample gathered. Also, the number of in-service participants is much higher than the pre-service participants. These factors may affect the results due to this unbalance and must be taken into account when data is analyzed. Summary of Chapter 1 Mathematical learning now comes at an earlier age. Preschoolers surprisingly manifest basic mathematical knowledge even before they start school. This realization that young children can already do Math has encouraged professional organizations such as NAEYC and NCTM have come up with guidelines that Math teachers should consult and comply to in their teaching of mathematical concepts and skills. Teachers of young children have the power to influence their preschool students. Teachers should basically possess adequate knowledge and skills as well as appropriate beliefs if quality teaching is to be expected. The work of Platas (2008) entitled Measuring Teachers Knowledge of Early Mathematical Development and their Beliefs about Mathematics Teaching and Learning in the Preschool Classroom has been a monumental inspiration for this current study. However, this study goes beyond exploring teachers knowledge development and beliefs about Math by comparing knowledge development and beliefs of in-service preschool teachers and pre-service preschool teachers. It is presumed that the element of experience will play a significant role in either strengthening or modifying teachers knowledge and beliefs about Math in early childhood education.

Aristotle Essay -- essays research papers fc

Aristotle One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle-322 BC, the Ancient Greek philosopher. He has practically influenced every area of present day thinking. His main focal points were the natural and social sciences. In Stagira, a town on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea, in the year of 384 BC Aristotle was introduced to the world. He grew up a wealthy boy. His father was friends with the noble king of Macedonia, and as a young man he spent the majority of his time at the Macedonian court. At the age of seventeen, he was sent away to study in Athens. It was there that he transformed to a disciple of Plato. Over time, Aristotle became the "mind of the school". Later in his life, he followed his mentor and became a teacher in a school on the coast of Asia minor. Aristotle was the professor of young prince Alexander, who went on to become the ruler Alexander the Great. Aristotle was the first known person to make major advances in the fields of logic, physical works( such as physics, meteorologists, ect.) , psychological works, and natural history( modern day biology). His most famous studies are in the field of philosophical works. His studies play an important role in the early history of chemistry. Aristotle was the first person to propose the idea of atoms matter and other grand ideas. Aristotle made the first major advances in the field of philosophy of n...

The Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Normandy Essay -- essays re

The Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Normandy were two vital battles in World War II. Stalingrad was the site of a critical WWII Soviet victory that terminated Germany’s advance to the east. Peaceful Normandy took it’s place in history as the starting point in the triumphant march across Europe. Both these intense events were extremely significant in the outcome of the second world war. After the Germans failed to win the war totally in 1941, they decided to start a fresh effort, and hoped that this would lead to victory. This effort eventually led to the city of Stalingrad in 1942. Different from the the three pronged attack of the previous year, this one had two attack directions. One from Kharkov to Stalingrad, the other from the Crimea to Caucasus. Though, this push was still very large. It included 78 Axis divisions, almost two million men. It's main purpose was to cut Stalin's supply along the Don and Volga rivers. Therefore, cutting him off from oil in the Caucausus' and "Lend-Lease" aid from the west. This battle would last for more than a year, and could be considered one of the most important battles of the war, mainly because of two large, powerful armies meeting each other head on. Originally, Stalingrad hadn't really been an objective. It became one however after Hitler grew to have a personal obsession with it. It being named after Stalin himself, his enemy, made it a conquest he had to take on. The loss at Stalingrad could be partially blamed on Hitler himself. He withdrew into a shell during this period, concentrating on nothing more than the city. In the meantime, allowing for things to crumble around him. Fortunately for Hitler, an equally obsessive leader faced him. Stalin had a similar obsession with Moscow, and it's defense. Though it isn't debatable whether or not Moscow was an important city to be in possession of, Stalin refused to believe where the German attack would be. Even after viewing a captured copy of this plan. So, the attack began and it went on without a problem. Only in July, 1942, did this good luck begin to diminish. They were few and far between at first, but gradually built up unease at German Headquarters. There were debates as to attacks on Vorozneh, or whether a move towards the oil fields was in order. By August, Hitler decided to move ... ...tion which created, in a sense, a military base for the Allied forces managed to bring a total of 1 million troops by the date of July 1. And thus the final drive to liberate Europe was under way. The thoughts of what would of happened if Operation Overlord didn’t occur were almost to dark and fearful to bear think of. The armies of darkness have marched through Europe fearing nothing lying ahead of them and leaving nothing lying behind them. The date of June 6, 1944 will always be remembered as the beginning of the end for the Third Reich. The once peaceful beaches of France were turned into a heroic and glory filled day for the Allied troops. And though many troops died, they also will always remembered as one of the courageous and proud who brought the destruction to the most powerful and evil forces ever to exist on this great earth. The Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Normandy were key factors in the outcome of WWII. Both battle with it’s own significant elements. Without the victory of these battles who knows what course history would have taken.

Understanding The Process Of Laundry Detergency Environmental Sciences Essay

Detergency is a procedure where dirts are removed from substrate stuffs. It ever is reviewed and researched because of its commercial importance. Washing and cleansing is a complicated procedure because it involves interactions of much physical and chemical influence. In general, rinsing procedure contains remotion by aqueous surfactant solution of ill solute thing and disintegration of drosss from fabric surfaces [ 1 ] . 2. Preliminaries Before discoursing how detergents work in rinsing procedure, we have to cognize how dirts adhere to cloths and the different types of dirts. In the present, the substrate is a fabric normally, fabricated by knitting, weaving or blending together a batch of fibres which have spun into narrations before incorporation into the fabric. Soil is something present in the matrix of the fabric but differs from the fabric fibres both in composing and form, while characteristically is of a comparable size. Dirt may be liquid or solid. If it is liquid, it must be non-volatile and non-aqueous. The liquid dirt here is termed oily dirt to separate from the solid particulate dirt. These two types of dirts may happen together: an external atom is more possible to adhere to fabrics when the latter already has liquid dirt. There are two chief differences between liquid dirt and solid dirt: form and rheological belongingss. The greasy dirt alterations shape by and large while the particulate dirt holds its initial form all the clip [ 2 ] . No affair liquid or solid, both sorts of dirt adhere to the fabric because of a effect of Van Der Waals and interrelated interactions between the dirt and the substrate. 3. Washing Procedure 3.1 Structures The most important ingredients in detergents are chemicals called wetting agents. The word aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"surfactantaa‚ ¬A? comes from aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"surface active agentsaa‚ ¬A? and as defined, the wetting agents are chemical signifiers which tendency to concentrate or better to adsorb at interfaces, or to organize colloidal sums in solution at really low molar concentrations. As shown in Figure 1, it is obvious to bespeak the basic demand of wetting agents is combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in molecules, i.e. amphiphilic molecules. When the wetting agents dissolved in H2O, they will prefer to hold an orientation that can minimise inauspicious interactions between hydrophobic molecular subdivisions and aqueous stage ( Figure 2 ) . Figure 1 Structure of Wetting agents Beginning: pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/pubcd/B1319/B1319.html Figure 2 Wetting agents dissolved in H2O Beginning: slides of talks Therefore, there are several signifiers when wetting agents are in solutions ( Figure 3 ) . Figure 3 Different signifiers of wetting agents 3.2 Mechanism As the cardinal construction of wetting agents mentioned, the lavation procedure is easy to explicate. To do H2O wash better, surface tenseness has to be reduced so H2O can wet things more uniformly. That is exactly what a wetting agent does. The wetting agents in detergents improve H2O ‘s capableness to wet things, spread over surfaces, and ooze into soiled apparels fibres. Wetting agents do another of import occupation excessively. In the solution incorporating the wetting agents whose molecules adsorb on the surface of dirt and fabrics at the same time, the hydrophobic portion of their molecule is attracted to H2O, while the other portion is adhering to dirt and grease. Neither detergents nor soap accomplish anything except adhering to the dirt until some mechanical energy or agitation is added into the equation [ 3 ] . So the wetting agent molecules help H2O to acquire a clasp of lubricating oil, interrupt it up, and wash it off ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 4 Illustration of the particulate dirt remotion If the dirt is oily, it will scatter in solution as emulsion, while it is particulate, it disperses as suspension. 4 Components Used for wash, the detergents ever contain wetting agents, builders, enzymes, decoloring agents, and other minor additives such as optical brighteners, fabric softeners, and scattering agents [ 4 ] . Among them, wetting agents and builders are the two most of import ingredients. 4.1 Wetting agents As an abbreviation for surface active agent, wetting agents remain the most of import constituents for the development of cloth attention and place attention merchandises [ 5 ] , consisting from 15 % to 40 % of the entire detergent preparation [ 6 ] . Wetting agents used in detersive preparations can be classified into four groups harmonizing to the hydrophilic group: non-ionic detergents, nonionics, cationics, and zwitterionics. In the usage of detergent composings, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulphates alcohol ethoxylates, kats, and betaine are popular, and biodegradable wetting agents such as APG and MES will be a development tendency in the detergent composings [ 4 ] . Nowadays, mixed active preparations are popular worldwide because they offer the advantage of good public presentation over a wider scope of wash conditions and let makers flexibleness with regard to surfactant supply and demand [ 7 ] . Besides at the same clip the commixture helps to stay mile to the tegument of custodies. 4.2 Builders A possible builder should fulfill a big figure of demands including sequestering ability, alkalinity, buffer capacity, bleach compatibility, dirt deflocculation, unwritten toxicity, skin soaking up, oculus annoyance, effects on fish and other aquatic animate beings, and other environmental and economic practicableness [ 8 ] . We use builders to take Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in difficult H2O and in dirts, for ever wetting agents can non work efficaciously in H2O particularly in difficult H2O. And the great sum of wetting agents in the detergent preparations increases the figure of troubles and the costs of sewerage disposal. Figure 5 Structures of polydimethyl siloxanes and their derived functions [ 4 ] We have ionic, organic and polymer builders [ 4 ] . In the Attic, Sodium tripolyphosphate ( STPP ) was the most used in the yesteryear. However, for phosphates can easy do a batch of environmental jobs that later, we use organic builders such as EDTA, NTA, ODA, IDA, and so on as a replacement for STPP. But still question their clean efficaciousnesss, inauspicious ecological or toxicological influences, and the cost. Besides, we use borates and zeolites as ionic builders, and now multifunctional builder is demanded, such as superimposed crystalline silicate ( Na2Si2O5 ) which combines a high public presentation per unit mass with a high grade of multi-functionality [ 9 ] . Polymeric builders have good builder capacity but most of them are non of course biodegradable. So now a bio-based polyester co-builder, which is found to be non-toxic to aquatic life is invented [ 10 ] . 4.3 Enzymes Encapsulated enzymes have been used worldwide for 40 old ages in detergent merchandises, particularly laundry preparations, and for biodegradability and functionality at low temperatures, its importance additions [ 11 ] . Enzymes can assist to better detergence, such as peptidase, amylase, cellulase, and lipase. Alkaliphilic Bacillus strains are frequently good beginnings of alkaline extracellular enzymes to be used in detergents [ 12 ] . Before people think enzymes in detergents ever cause allergy, but now this has been changed and substituted by the recommendation of carefully use by the practician. 4.4 Bleachs We use bleaches to destruct unwanted discolorations on the cloth, and besides dyestuff in solution which causes hemorrhage. Laundry detergents typically contain percarbonate or perborate salts as bleach systems [ 13 ] . The bleach activity ever requires a suited temperature. For the energy economy and other restricts, scientists focus on new accelerators to make the same clean efficaciousness at a comparatively low temperature. However, at the same clip of decoloring discolorations, bleaches besides increase melting degree of the fabric [ 14 ] . As used in day-to-day lavation, we besides have to see the built-in toxicity and toxic by-products of decoloring additives. 4.5 Other Additives Some laundry detergents contain â€Å" optical brighteners † . These are fluorescent dyes that glow blue-white in UV visible radiation which can do yellowed cloths appear white [ 15 ] . Fabric softeners are to cut down the clash between fibres, and between fibres and the tegument. They are frequently a cationic wetting agent, which is attracted to the negatively charged substrates like proteins and many man-made cloths. Scattering capacity is a step of how a liquid stage influences a solid stage [ 16 ] . From some respects it decides the cleansing capableness. We add some scattering agents into the detergents to better the decreasing of the surface tenseness so increase the efficaciousness of detergents. 5. Development Scientists are concentrating on detergents for wash which are biodegradable, effectual, and low toxic to clamber. Biosurfactants are possible the replacements for chemical wetting agents. Compared with chemical wetting agents, they are better in biodegradability and effectivity at utmost temperature or pH and in holding lower toxicity [ 17 ] . However, it is difficult to happen a balance between the hydrolytic and the biodegradability, non merely for the wetting agents, but besides for the enzymes and other additives in the detergents [ 18 ] . Now many biosurfactants are tested for utilizing in laundry preparations, as what Mukherjee AK [ 19 ] and Srokova I [ 20 ] have done. To salvage energy and H2O, there is a tendency of concentrated detergent, and besides it is environment friendly [ 21 ] . And different new sorts of additives are added as softeners, odor-removers, antibacterial constituents, and others which can give detergents multifunction.